Treating the signs and symptoms of anxiety is an everyday challenge in clinical practice. When choosing between treatment options, anxiety needs to be understood in the situational, psychiatric, and
biological context in which it arises.
Etifoxine, a non-
benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug belonging to the
benzoxazine class, is an effective treatment for anxiety in response to a stressful situation. In the present review, we focused on several aspects of the cerebral and somatic
biological mechanisms involved in anxiety and investigated the extent to which
etifoxine's mode of action can explain its
anxiolytic activity. Its two mechanisms of action are the modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission and
neurosteroid synthesis. Recent data suggest that the molecule possesses neuroprotective, neuroplastic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Etifoxine was first shown to be an effective
anxiolytic in patients in clinical studies comparing it with
clobazam,
sulpiride, and placebo. Randomized controlled studies have demonstrated its
anxiolytic efficacy in patients with
adjustment disorders (ADs) with anxiety, showing it to be superior to
buspirone and comparable to
lorazepam and
phenazepam, with a greater number of markedly improved responders and a better therapeutic index.
Etifoxine's noninferiority to
alprazolam has also been demonstrated in a comparative trial. Significantly less rebound anxiety was observed after abrupt cessation of
etifoxine compared with
lorazepam or
alprazolam. Consistent with this finding,
etifoxine appears to have a very low dependence potential. Unlike
lorazepam, it has no effect on psychomotor performance, vigilance, or free recall. Severe adverse events are in general rare. Skin and subcutaneous disorders are the most frequently reported, but these generally resolve after
drug cessation. Taken together, its dual mechanisms of action in anxiety and the positive data yielded by clinical trials support the use of
etifoxine for treating the anxiety signs and symptoms of individuals with ADs.