Tumor hypoxia, which occurs mainly as a result of inadequate tissue perfusion in solid
tumors, is a well-known challenge for successful
radiotherapy. Recent evidence suggests that ionizing radiation (IR) upregulates
nitric oxide (NO) production and that IR-induced NO has the potential to increase intratumoral circulation. However, the kinetics of NO production and the responsible
isoforms for
NO synthase in
tumors exposed to IR remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which IR stimulates NO production in
tumors and the effect of IR-induced NO on
tumor radiosensitivity.
Hoechst33342 perfusion assay and electron spin resonance oxymetry showed that IR increased tissue perfusion and pO2 in
tumor tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis using two different hypoxic probes showed that IR decreased hypoxic regions in
tumors; treatment with a
nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor,
L-NAME, abrogated the effects of IR. Moreover, IR increased endothelial NOS (eNOS) activity without affecting its
mRNA or
protein expression levels in SCCVII-transplanted
tumors.
Tumor growth delay assay showed that
L-NAME decreased the anti-
tumor effect of fractionated radiation (10Gy×2). These results suggested that IR increased eNOS activity and subsequent tissue perfusion in
tumors. Increases in intratumoral circulation simultaneously decreased tumor hypoxia. As a result, IR-induced NO increased
tumor radiosensitivity. Our study provides a new insight into the NO-dependent mechanism for efficient fractionated
radiotherapy.