Two decades of functional imaging studies have demonstrated
pain-related activations of primary somatic sensory cortex (S1), parasylvian cortical structures (PS), and medial frontal cortical structures (MF), which are often described as modules in a "
pain network." The directionality and temporal dynamics of interactions between and within the cortical and thalamic modules are uncertain. We now describe our studies of these interactions based upon recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) carried out in an
epilepsy monitoring unit over the one week period between the implantation and removal of cortical
electrodes during the surgical treatment of
epilepsy. These recordings have unprecedented clarity and resolution for the study of LFPs related to the experimental
pain induced by cutaneous application of a
Thulium YAG laser. We also used attention and distraction as behavioral probes to study the psychophysics and neuroscience of the cortical "
pain network." In these studies, electrical activation of cortex was measured by event-related desynchronization (ERD), over SI, PS, and MF modules, and was more widespread and intense while attending to painful stimuli than while being distracted from them. This difference was particularly prominent over PS. In addition, greater perceived intensity of painful stimuli was associated with more widespread and intense ERD. Connectivity of these modules was then examined for dynamic causal interactions within and between modules by using the Granger causality (GRC). Prior to the
laser stimuli, a task involving attention to the painful stimulus consistently increased the number of event-related causality (ERC) pairs both within the SI cortex, and from SI upon PS (SI > PS). After the
laser stimulus, attention to a painful stimulus increased the number of ERC pairs from SI > PS, and SI > MF, and within the SI module. LFP at some
electrode sites (critical sites) exerted ERC influences upon signals at multiple widespread
electrodes, both in other cortical modules and within the module where the critical site was located. In summary, critical sites and SI modules may bind the cortical modules together into a "
pain network," and disruption of that network by stimulation might be used to treat
pain. These results in humans may be uniquely useful to design and optimize anatomically based
pain therapies, such as stimulation of the S1 or critical sites through transcutaneous magnetic fields or
implanted electrodes.