Unexplained Event Resolved Brief

An event experienced by an infant or a child that is characterized by some combination of apnea, color change, change in muscle tone, choking, and gagging.

Also Known As:

Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event; Idiopathic Apparent Life-Threatening Event; ALTE Apparent Life Threatening Event; Apparent Life Threatening Event; Apparent Life-Threatening Events; Idiopathic Apparent Life Threatening Event; Infantile Apparent Life Threatening Event; Life-Threatening Event, Apparent; Life-Threatening Events, Apparent; ALTE Apparent Life-Threatening Event; Apparent Life-Threatening Event; BRUE Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event; Infantile Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Networked: 63 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Sudden Infant Death (SID)
2.	Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
3.	Apnea
4.	Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
5.	Esophagitis

Experts

1.	Holcomb, George W: 2 articles (04/2020 - 06/2007)
2.	Nosetti, Luana: 2 articles (01/2019 - 07/2012)
3.	Magnani, Cinzia: 2 articles (07/2012 - 09/2010)
4.	Bauman, Nancy M: 2 articles (10/2004 - 10/2002)
5.	Wang, DeQiang: 2 articles (10/2004 - 10/2002)
6.	Austin-Page, Lukas R: 1 article (04/2024)
7.	Cho, Christine S: 1 article (04/2024)
8.	Brooks, Kaitlyn A: 1 article (06/2023)
9.	Goudy, Steven L: 1 article (06/2023)
10.	Hollister, Scott J: 1 article (06/2023)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Unexplained Event Resolved Brief:

1.	Ribonucleases (Ribonuclease)IBA 10/01/2003 - "A prospective study in a group of infants being monitored at home after an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) and considered at increased risk for SIDS was conducted with an improved ribonuclease protection assay. "
2.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 01/01/2017 - "Cyanotic spells, also known as blue spells, dying spells, or apparent life-threatening events, refer to a bluish tone visible in the mucosal membranes and skin caused by an oxygen decrease in the peripheral circulation. " 11/01/1993 - "For an evaluation of the usefulness of event recording in identifying mechanisms for apparent life-threatening events, 94 infants (median age, 3.1 months; range, 0.5 to 12 months) with a history of two or more apparent life-threatening events of hitherto unknown cause underwent event recording of transcutaneous oxygen pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, (not recorded in all patients), breathing movements, pulse waveforms, electrocardiogram, and instantaneous heart rate. " 09/01/1994 - "This study aimed to determine whether preterm infants who have a history of apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) have abnormalities in oxygenation and, if so, whether the ALTE would stop with oxygen therapy. " 10/01/1994 - "The current study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of abnormal intraesophageal pH monitoring, esophagitis, and oxygen desaturation after experimental esophageal acidification (modified Bernstein test) in patients with apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs). " 06/01/2017 - "There were statistically significant improvements in clinical symptoms postoperatively, including cough, noisy breathing, prolonged and recurrent respiratory infections, transient respiratory distress requiring positive pressure, oxygen dependence, blue spells, and apparent life-threatening events (p<0.001), as well as ventilator dependence (p=0.04). "
3.	antiarrhythmic peptide (AAP)IBA 01/01/2019 - "This study retrospectively evaluated the AAP guidelines for diagnosis and risk stratification of Brief Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUE) in a well-characterized cohort of infants admitted with an Apparent Life Threatening Event (ALTE). " 04/01/2024 - "In a 2016 clinical practice guideline, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) created and introduced the term brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). " 02/01/2022 - "Previously called apparent life-threatening events (ALTE), the term BRUE was first defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2016. " 04/01/2016 - "In 2010, the post publication discussion ended with a challenge to the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect (AAP COCAN) to either support the pure shaking mechanism with quality EBMS or eliminate any positive support for it from any official policy statement until the exact nature of each injury that pure abusive shaking has the potential to cause is clearly defined and supported with quality experimental research.(4) Since this is an area of acknowledged controversy by the AAP, it is appropriate to examine the evidence based experimental literature that has emerged over the last five years that is relevant to the abusive shaking hypothesis and the hypothesis of any primary brain-lethal hypoxic event leading to the findings of retinal hemorrhages, extra-axial bleeding, and brain injury when an infant presents to medical attention after an Acute/Apparent Life Threatening Event. "
4.	Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins (Serotonin Transporter)IBA 07/01/2012 - "Considering previous genetic studies on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the role of L/L serotonin transporter (5HTT) genotype and correlated genes monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in unexpected death, an investigation was carried out verifying their involvement in apparent life-threatening events (ALTE and idiopathic form [IALTE]), also assessing common molecular basis with SIDS. "
5.	Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins (Dopamine Transporter)IBA 07/01/2012 - "Considering previous genetic studies on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the role of L/L serotonin transporter (5HTT) genotype and correlated genes monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in unexpected death, an investigation was carried out verifying their involvement in apparent life-threatening events (ALTE and idiopathic form [IALTE]), also assessing common molecular basis with SIDS. "
6.	Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV)IBA 06/01/2011 - "In this study, we have determined the content of bovine β-casomorphin-7 (bBCM-7) and the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) in sera of infants with apparent life threatening events (ALTE syndromes, 'near miss SIDS'). "
7.	Surface-Active Agents (Surfactants)IBA 12/01/1994 - "In this study the physical properties of surfactant were measured in children with recurrent apparent life threatening events (ALTEs), PEA, and SIDS. "
8.	SmokeIBA 07/01/1996 - "To study the hypothesis that environmental tobacco smoke exposure in infants diagnosed with an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) could be a contributing factor to gastroesophageal reflux. " 07/01/1996 - "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and gastroesophageal reflux in infants with apparent life-threatening events."
9.	Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)IBA 07/01/2012 - "Considering previous genetic studies on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the role of L/L serotonin transporter (5HTT) genotype and correlated genes monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in unexpected death, an investigation was carried out verifying their involvement in apparent life-threatening events (ALTE and idiopathic form [IALTE]), also assessing common molecular basis with SIDS. "
10.	AcidsIBA 01/01/2017 - "Acid Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Apparent Life-Threatening Events: Simultaneous pH-metry and Cardiorespiratory Monitoring." 01/01/2007 - "Commonly described multiorgan manifestation of acid GER: primary and secondary to cow's milk allergy and/or other food (CMA/FA) sometimes coexists with ALTE (Apparent Life Threatening Events) syndrome symptoms. " 01/01/1990 - "Sleep apneas and acid esophageal reflux in control infants and in infants with an apparent life-threatening event."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Induced Hypothermia 12/01/2016 - "To explore the safety and efficacy of targeted temperature management amongst infants with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to an apparent life threatening event (ALTE) recruited to the Therapeutic Hypothermia after Paediatric Cardiac Arrest Out-of-Hospital trial. " 12/01/2016 - "Exploring the safety and efficacy of targeted temperature management amongst infants with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to apparent life threatening events."
2.	Resuscitation 10/01/2022 - "We report the case of an infant aged 8 and a half months, who had an apparent life-threatening event and died despite optimal resuscitation management. " 11/01/2002 - "Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is a term used to define an event of unknown cause after an infant is found limp, cyanotic, bradycardic, and/or requires resuscitation. " 04/01/1998 - "A survey was mailed to the chief residents of all pediatric residency training programs in the United States in which respondents were presented with a simulated case and asked how they would manage an infant who had experienced an apparent life-threatening event that did not require resuscitation. " 06/01/1997 - "Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is a term used to characterize an event of unknown cause after an infant is found limp, cyanotic, bradycardic, and/or requiring resuscitation. " 06/01/1997 - "Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is a term used to characterize an event of unknown cause after an infant is found limp, cyanotic, bradycardic, and/or requiring resuscitation. "
3.	Therapeutics 12/01/1992 - "This article is a critical review of the literature relating to the incidence, causes, pathophysiology, and therapy of apparent life-threatening events in infants. " 04/01/2020 - "Medical management is typically trialed, but operative treatment is indicated with severe symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia, apneic episodes, bradycardia, apparent life-threatening events, severe vomiting, failure to thrive, esophagitis, stricture, and failed medical therapy. " 09/01/1994 - "This study aimed to determine whether preterm infants who have a history of apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) have abnormalities in oxygenation and, if so, whether the ALTE would stop with oxygen therapy. "
4.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 02/20/1993 - "To determine the mechanisms and thereby appropriate management for apparent life threatening events treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and young children. " 03/01/1992 - "Hypercarbic and hypoxic arousal responses during sleep were measured in healthy term infants, infants where a previous sibling died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infants suffering a clearly defined apparent life threatening event (ALTE) requiring vigorous or mouth to mouth resuscitation. " 01/01/1988 - "Those infants where home monitoring, despite its limitations and complications, is definitely indicated because of their very high risk, include survivors of severe apparent life-threatening events (occurring during sleep and 'requiring' CPR), siblings of two or more SIDS, and premature infants, still mildly or moderately symptomatic with apnea of prematurity who are otherwise ready for hospital discharge."
5.	Fundoplication 06/01/2007 - "The use of fundoplication for prevention of apparent life-threatening events." 05/01/2006 - "Many infants with a repaired esophageal atresia (EA) undergo fundoplication, aortopexy, or glossopexy because the mechanisms most responsible for airway obstruction and/or apparent life-threatening event (AO/ALTE) syndrome are considered to be gastroesophageal reflux (GER), tracheal compression (TC), or obstructive apnea, respectively. "