Sudden Infant Death (SID)

The abrupt and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under one year of age, remaining unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. (Pediatr Pathol 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):677-84)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2106 relevant articles (39 outcomes, 258 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Sudden Infant Death (SID)
2.	Infection
3.	Acidosis
4.	Lung Diseases (Lung Disease)
5.	Weight Gain

Experts

1.	Stein, H H: 23 articles (11/2014 - 08/2001)
2.	Kinney, Hannah C: 23 articles (02/2014 - 11/2003)
3.	Laskin, Julia: 19 articles (01/2015 - 07/2002)
4.	Ackerman, Michael J: 19 articles (12/2013 - 06/2004)
5.	Weese-Mayer, Debra E: 18 articles (12/2013 - 03/2003)
6.	Krous, Henry F: 17 articles (02/2014 - 02/2003)
7.	Matturri, Luigi: 16 articles (01/2014 - 01/2004)
8.	Vege, Ashild: 16 articles (03/2013 - 07/2002)
9.	Bajanowski, Thomas: 14 articles (09/2015 - 02/2004)
10.	Wysocki, Vicki H: 13 articles (12/2015 - 12/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Sudden Infant Death:

1.	ORALIT (ORS)IBA 06/01/1995 - "For all characteristics other than a 5-minute Apgar score less than 7, the ORs comparing infants who died of SIDS with the live births cohort were significantly greater than 1.0. " 02/01/2000 - "Crude ORs from 19 individual studies favored breastfeeding as protective against SIDS. " 04/01/2009 - "To evaluate the effects of ORS on systemic acid-base status, the Stewart variables strong ion difference ([SID]), acid total ([A(tot)]), and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were quantified in venous blood samples drawn before and after feeding. " 06/01/1995 - "Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were calculated to compare the SIDS with the live births cohort, infants who died of other causes with the live births cohort, and SIDS with non-SIDS deaths. " 04/01/1995 - "There was a clear dose-effect relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and the risk of SID: adjusted ORs were 2.6 (1.5-4.4) for 1-10 cigarettes/day, 2.8 (1.8-6.0) for 11-20 cigarettes/day, and 6.9 (1.9-25.5) for > 20 cigarettes/day. "
2.	valyllysineIBA 10/01/2015 - "In Exp. 4 (94 to 119 kg), ADG increased (linear, = 0.041) and G:F was improved (linear, = 0.004; quadratic, = 0.005) as the dietary SID Val:Lys ratio increased. " 03/01/2011 - "Pigs fed the control diet did not differ from those fed a ratio of 65% SID Val:Lys in Exp. 2, but did have improved G:F in Exp. 3 (P = 0.03). " 09/01/2011 - "However, low Val supply (60% SID Val : Lys) reduced performance by 13% to 38%, which was much greater than what we observed in earlier studies. " 03/01/2009 - "Experiment 4 was a dose-response study using 5 concentrations of Val supply (ranging from 60 to 80% SID Val:Lys). " 10/01/2015 - "In conclusion, the dietary SID Val:Lys ratios required for 26- to 46-, 49- to 70-, 71- to 92-, and 94- to 119-kg pigs were estimated to be 0.62, 0.66, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively, using a linear broken-line model and 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, and 0.72, respectively, using a quadratic model. "
3.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 07/01/2009 - "This study is motivated by the hypothesis that the predisposition for SIDS may be caused by inner ear and brainstem damage from a high venous pressure insult at birth that disrupts an infant's ability to detect rising CO(2) levels following the first month of life. " 12/01/2006 - "Recent studies show that co-sleeping (bed sharing) slightly increases the overall risk of SIDS (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B) and is greatest for infants less than 11 weeks old (SOR: B). " 07/01/1999 - "Previous studies have suggested that infants born of twin pregnancies are at greater risk for SIDS and that a twin who survives after a co-twin dies is at increased risk for SIDS. " 10/27/1993 - "In a study of co-twins of SIDS victims, 13/23 survivors were reported to have long-term respiratory disorders. " 06/01/1993 - "Evolution and infant sleep: an experimental study of infant-parent co-sleeping and its implications for SIDS."
4.	OxygenIBA 08/01/1976 - "The need for oxygen therapy as a high-risk indicator of sudden unexpected death has been reported in a previous study and is further substantiated by the present findings: they are also compatible with thos of Naeye (1973), who found long-term hypoxic conditions in autopsy studies on the sudden infant death syndrome. " 05/01/2011 - "On the other hand, SID increased oxidative stress marker protein carbonyl levels and decreased oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), an indicator of antioxidant capacity, in liver. " 08/01/2009 - "For term newborns, the peak incidence of SIDS might be explained by the haemoglobin nadir of physiological anaemia and by the therefore reduced capacity for oxygen transport. " 03/01/2009 - "The SIDS brains were thus found to display hypoxic/ischemic features without however providing evidence as to the cause of the oxygen reduction." 09/01/2004 - "A central respiratory regulation disturbance--triggered by impaired oxygen supply to the brainstem--is being discussed as an aetiological factor in sudden infant death syndrome. "
5.	A-factor (Streptomyces)IBA 02/15/2000 - "The findings may help to explain some related respiratory symptoms in children and be a factor in sudden infant death syndrome." 12/01/2011 - "Postnatal exposure to ETS was found to increase the SIDS risk by a factor of 1.72 (95% CI: 1.28-2.30) based on six studies which took into account maternal smoking during pregnancy. " 12/01/2003 - "The prone position remains a factor in some SIDS deaths, and the relation between soother use and SIDS is a complex variable requiring further study." 03/01/2000 - "The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare our data with those reported in the general population; (2) to find a factor implicated in repetitive accidents; (3) to look for a possible genetic factor; and (4) to evaluate whether or not the risk of recurrence was the same in a family with two or more infants having died of sudden intant death syndrome (SIDS) as in the general population. " 01/01/1985 - "Taking into account a previous study in which a left-sided His bundle was found in only four of 32 hearts from all age groups, this is statistically significant and may be a factor promoting SIDS."
6.	SodiumIBA 11/13/2007 - "The present study is the first to report mutations in GPD1-L as a pathogenic cause for a small subset of sudden infant death syndrome via a secondary loss-of-function mechanism whereby perturbations in GPD1-L precipitate a marked decrease in the peak sodium current and a potentially lethal BrS-like proarrhythmic substrate." 06/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the sodium current complex in a nonreferred nationwide cohort of SIDS cases. " 06/01/2015 - "Rare variants in Nav1.5 encoded by SCN5A are known to play a role in SIDS; however, the combined role of the sodium current complex is unknown. " 06/01/2015 - "The role of the sodium current complex in a nonreferred nationwide cohort of sudden infant death syndrome." 02/01/2015 - "Chloride increased, and sodium decreased causing a reduction in SID (38.7 ± 5.0 vs 36.4 ± 5.1 mEq/L, P < .001). "
7.	HemosiderinIBA 12/01/2000 - "These data are consistent with other reports that pulmonary hemosiderin in deceased infants is suggestive of a cause of death other than sudden infant death syndrome. " 03/01/1997 - "However, pulmonary interstitial hemosiderin staining could not be used with certainly to confirm or exclude previous ALTEs in individual SIDS cases as not every SIDS case with a history of an ALTE stained for pulmonary interstitial hemosiderin. " 03/01/1997 - "No significant difference in numbers of cases with interstitial hemosiderin deposition was found between SIDS infants with histories of ALTEs (n = 4 of 12, 33.3%), SIDS infants without histories of ALTEs (n = 4 of 22, 18.2%), and controls (n = 4 of 24, 16.7%). " 03/01/1997 - "Assessment of pulmonary and intrathymic hemosiderin deposition in sudden infant death syndrome." 03/01/1997 - "However, if four of the control cases with histories of previous chest trauma were excluded, there was a significantly greater number of cases with pulmonary interstitial hemosiderin in the SIDS infants with histories of ALTEs compared with the subgroup of control infants with no previous chest trauma (n = 1 of 20, 5%) (P < .05). "
8.	NitrogenIBA 11/01/1998 - "Sudden infant death syndrome and nitrogen metabolism: further development of a hypothesis." 09/01/2011 - "In a dose-response study using restrictively fed piglets, nitrogen retention did not increase for an SID Val : Lys supply greater than 64%. " 05/01/2015 - "The plasma urea nitrogen concentration tended (P = 0.08) to be lowest in pigs receiving 1.00 SID Leu:Lys, suggesting a more balanced AA profile at this level. " 05/01/2015 - "A negative correlation was detected between NDF and neutral detergent-insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) content of the meals and SID values of Lys at d 24 (r = -0.79, r = -0.76; P = 0.001, respectively). " 04/01/2015 - "Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)) fed unfermented soybean meal (SM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen-free diet. "
9.	AntigensIBA 12/01/2012 - "The study was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in egg from hens hyperimmunized with Escherichia coli K88 antigens (EGG) fed to weaned pigs. " 04/01/2012 - "Concerning non-Gal antigen, in addition to the Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D) antigen (NeuGc), Forrsman antigen, Galα1-3Lew(x), α-linked or β-linked GalNAc, β3 linked Gal, NeuAc, such as Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc, and Sid blood group (Sd(a))-like antigens are candidates. " 09/01/2004 - "Inappropriate mucosal immune responses to an otherwise innocuous common antigen and the resulting inflammatory processes have been proposed as factors contributing to SIDS." 05/01/1994 - "The significance of this work is discussed with reference to expression of Lewis a antigen in infants and the proposed role of toxigenic strains of staphylococci in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome." 05/01/1994 - "Isolation of an adhesin from Staphylococcus aureus that binds Lewis a blood group antigen and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome."
10.	IodineIBA 05/01/1996 - "Unless iodine nutrition is improved in the community as a whole, these abnormalities may prevent millions of children from the SID areas from achieving their full potential even if learning opportunities are made available to them." 05/01/1996 - "Mean urinary iodine excretion was significantly lower in the SID than in the MID group (219.84 +/- 57.52 compared with 449.14 +/- 32.31 nmol/L, P < 0.001). " 05/01/1996 - "One hundred male children--matched for age, socioeconomic status, and formal education--were selected from both severely iodine-deficient (SID) and mildly iodine-deficient (MID) villages. " 06/01/1993 - "She found that the 1989 report of areas of the highest SIDS incidence coincided with Se responsive livestock areas combined with low soil iodine. " 10/01/2004 - "In this study we aimed to analyze the impact of iodine supplementation on growth and growth factors of children with SID. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Pacifiers 12/01/1999 - "Epidemiological studies suggest that pacifier use may be protective against SIDS but little is known of the relationship between pacifier use and other forms of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) in infancy, or of patterns of NNS during the night, when most SIDS deaths occur. " 01/01/2010 - "This pilot study presents important data for sucking habits in pacifier users which may provide a basis for further investigations concerning the efficacy of pacifiers in SIDS prophylaxis." 01/01/2006 - "Recent reviews of giving pacifiers (dummies) to infants during sleeping periods have found a significant reduction in the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. " 09/01/2009 - "Because pacifier use is associated with reduced incidence of sudden infant death syndrome, the recommendation to offer a pacifier appears safe and appropriate in similar populations." 09/30/2002 - "All four research groups found an association between pacifier use and a reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome, but they all concluded that the association does not necessarily imply that the use of a pacifier is protective against the sudden infant death syndrome. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2013 - "SIDS intra-femur artery chemotherapy can improve clinical outcome of DFN, and provide effective method for treatment of DFN when combined with customized prosthetic reconstruction. " 03/01/1989 - "Effective drug therapy of SID of ENT organs should address anaerobic microflora and should include agents with antianaerobic action." 07/01/2013 - "To investigate the clinical efficacy of intra-arterial chemotherapy by subcutaneous implantable delivery system (SIDS) in the treatment of distal femur neoplasm. " 07/01/2013 - "From March 2002 to December 2009, 51 patients were treated with SIDS intra-femoral artery chemotherapy, followed by customized prosthetic reconstruction, including 45 patients of osteosarcoma and 6 malignant fibrous histiocytoma in distal femur. " 02/12/2007 - "Our study may have important repercussions in understanding the mechanisms and consequences of electrophysiological alterations in infants and may pave the way for better understanding of clinically relevant events such as congenital abnormalities, cardiomyopathies, heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiac drug therapy, and the sudden infant death syndrome."
3.	Speech Therapy (Therapy, Speech) 01/01/2013 - "We hypothesized that speech therapy would be less efficacious in children with SID than in those without SID. " 01/01/2013 - "Speech therapy can improve the articulation performance of children who have functional articulation disorders whether or not they have SID, but it results in significantly greater improvement in children without SID. " 01/01/2013 - "Hence, the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of speech therapy in two groups of children with functional articulation disorders: those without and those with SID. " 01/01/2013 - "SID may affect the treatment efficiency of speech therapy in young children with articulation disorders."
4.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 04/07/2008 - "Our aims were to: (1) determine the percent of SIDS cases in the San Diego SIDS Research Project database for whom death was delayed by CPR and subsequent life support; (2) compare demographics, circumstances of death and autopsy findings of delayed death SIDS cases (delayed SIDS) with those whose deaths were not delayed (non-delayed SIDS); (3) examine the evolution of pathologic changes in delayed SIDS as a function of survival interval. " 04/07/2008 - "A fraction of SIDS cases have death delayed by successful CPR, yet they have not been compared to SIDS cases which were found dead or not successfully resuscitated. " 10/02/2007 - "Age, duration of CPR attempts and PMI had no effect on the severity of PH in SIDS. " 12/01/2001 - "Oronasal blood not attributable to cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurs rarely in SIDS when the infant is sleeping supine in a safe environment. " 02/01/2001 - "Failure of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in cases of sudden infant death."
5.	Oral Administration 07/01/2006 - "Resection-PN-SID (n=10) group: similar to previous group and a daily oral administration of Tobramycine (20mg/kg/day) and Polymyxine-E (25mg/kg/day). " 02/15/2005 - "On the basis of the clinical findings, the pony was treated with surgical debridement of the frogs of a diagonal pair of feet and oral administration of prednisolone (1 mg/kg sid). " 09/01/2006 - "Oral administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF; 10 mg/kg SID) lowered the infection rate at birth, but had lower efficacy against virus infection at 4 weeks of age, most likely because drug levels became suboptimal relative to those obtained with the current tenofovir DF regimen in humans. "