Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is the most common sleep disturbance in adults with
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (
ADHD). We previously showed that
chronotherapy with
melatonin effectively advanced the dim-light
melatonin onset (DLMO), a
biomarker for the internal circadian rhythm, by 1.5 h and reduced
ADHD symptoms by 14%.
Melatonin combined with bright
light therapy (BLT) advanced the DLMO by 2 h, but did not affect
ADHD symptoms. This article explores whether sleep times advanced along with DLMO, leading to longer sleep duration and better sleep in general, which might explain the working mechanism behind the reduction in
ADHD symptoms
after treatment with
melatonin. This article presents exploratory secondary analysis on objective and self-reported sleep characteristics from a three-armed double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT), which included 49 adults (18-55 years) with
ADHD and DSPS. Participants were randomized to receive sleep education and 3 weeks of (1) 0.5 mg/day placebo, (2) 0.5 mg/day
melatonin, or (3) 0.5 mg/day
melatonin plus 30 min of bright
light therapy (BLT) between 0700 and 0800 h. Sleep was assessed at baseline, directly
after treatment, and 2 weeks after the end of treatment. Objective measures were obtained by actigraphy, self-reported measures by various sleep questionnaires and a sleep diary.
Melatonin with or without BLT did not advance sleep times, improve sleep in general, or strengthen wake-activity rhythms. So even though the DLMO had advanced, sleep timing did not follow. Adding extensive behavioral coaching to
chronotherapy is necessary for advancing sleep times along with DLMO and to further alleviate
ADHD symptoms.