Abstract | BACKGROUND: OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the performance of the two most widely recommended chest compression depth levels for pediatric CPR (1.5 in. and 1/3 the anterior-posterior diameter- APd) in a controlled swine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. METHODS: We executed a 2-group, randomized laboratory study with an adaptive design allowing early termination for overwhelming injury or benefit. Forty mixed-breed domestic swine (mean weight = 26 kg) were sedated, anesthetized and paralyzed along with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Asphyxial cardiac arrest was induced with fentanyl overdose. Animals were untreated for 9 min followed by mechanical CPR with a target depth of 1.5 in. or 1/3 the APd. Advanced life support drugs were administered IV after 4 min of basic resuscitation followed by defibrillation at 14 min. The primary outcomes were return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), hemodynamics and CPR-related injury severity. RESULTS: Enrollment in the 1/3 APd group was stopped early due to overwhelming differences in injury. Twenty-three animals were assigned to the 1.5 in. group and 15 assigned to the 1/3 APd group, per an adaptive group design. The 1/3 APd group had increased frequency of rib fracture (6.7 vs 1.7, p < 0.001) and higher proportions of several anatomic injury markers than the 1.5 in. group, including sternal fracture, hemothorax and blood in the endotracheal tube (p < 0.001). ROSC and hemodynamic measures were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: In this pediatric model of cardiac arrest, chest compressions to 1/3APd were more harmful without a concurrent benefit for resuscitation outcomes compared to the 1.5 in. compression group.
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Authors | David D Salcido, Allison C Koller, Cornelia Genbrugge, Ericka L Fink, Robert A Berg, James J Menegazzi |
Journal | The American journal of emergency medicine
(Am J Emerg Med)
Vol. 51
Pg. 176-183
(Jan 2022)
ISSN: 1532-8171 [Electronic] United States |
PMID | 34763236
(Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article)
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Copyright | Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
Topics |
- Animals
- Asphyxia
(complications)
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(adverse effects, methods)
- Female
- Heart Arrest
(etiology, therapy)
- Hemodynamics
- Hemothorax
(etiology)
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Male
- Models, Animal
- Random Allocation
- Respiration, Artificial
(methods)
- Rib Fractures
(etiology)
- Swine
- Thoracic Injuries
(etiology)
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