Hepatorenal syndrome.

Abstract

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a form of kidney function impairment that characteristically occurs in cirrhosis. Recent changes in terminology have led to acute HRS being referred to as acute kidney injury (AKI)-HRS and chronic HRS as chronic kidney disease (CKD)-HRS. AKI-HRS is characterized by a severe impairment of kidney function owing to vasoconstriction of the renal arteries in the absence of substantial abnormalities in kidney histology. Pathogenetic mechanisms involve disturbances in circulatory function due to a marked splanchnic arterial vasodilation, which triggers the activation of vasoconstrictor factors. An intense systemic inflammatory reaction that is characteristic of advanced cirrhosis may also be involved. The main triggering factors of AKI-HRS are bacterial infections, particularly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The diagnosis of AKI-HRS is a challenge because of a lack of specific diagnostic tools and mainly involves the differential diagnosis from other forms of AKI, particularly acute tubular necrosis. The prognosis of patients with AKI-HRS is poor, with a median survival of ≤3 months. The ideal treatment for AKI-HRS is liver transplantation in patients without contraindications. Medical therapy consists of vasoconstrictor drugs to counteract splanchnic arterial vasodilation together with volume expansion with albumin. Effective measures to prevent AKI-HRS include early identification and treatment of bacterial infections and the administration of albumin in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

• Authors: Pere Ginès, Elsa Solà, Paolo Angeli, Florence Wong, Mitra K Nadim, Patrick S Kamath
• Journal: Nature reviews. Disease primers (Nat Rev Dis Primers) Vol. 4 Issue 1 Pg. 23 (09 13 2018) ISSN: 2056-676X [Electronic] England
• PMID: 30213943 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review)

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• FABP1 protein, human
• Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
• HAVCR1 protein, human
• Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1
• IL18 protein, human
• Interleukin-18
• LCN2 protein, human
• Lipocalin-2
• Serum Albumin
• Vasoconstrictor Agents
• Terlipressin
• Creatinine

Topics

• Acute Kidney Injury (classification, etiology)
• Bacterial Infections (diagnosis, etiology)
• Biomarkers (analysis, blood, urine)
• Creatinine (analysis, blood)
• Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins (analysis, urine)
• Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 (analysis)
• Hepatorenal Syndrome (etiology, physiopathology)
• Humans
• Inflammation (etiology)
• Interleukin-18 (analysis, urine)
• Lipocalin-2 (analysis, urine)
• Liver Cirrhosis (complications)
• Risk Factors
• Serum Albumin (therapeutic use)
• Terlipressin (therapeutic use)
• Vasoconstrictor Agents (therapeutic use)