Necrosis

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. Distinguish it from APOPTOSIS which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

Also Known As:

Networked: 55292 relevant articles (1636 outcomes, 3680 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Inflammation
3.	Rheumatoid Arthritis
4.	Ischemia
5.	Crohn Disease (Crohn's Disease)

Experts

1.	Ni, Yicheng: 50 articles (12/2015 - 02/2002)
2.	Jaeschke, Hartmut: 49 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
3.	Lemasters, John J: 35 articles (09/2014 - 02/2002)
4.	Cuzzocrea, Salvatore: 35 articles (05/2014 - 01/2002)
5.	Lee, H Thomas: 34 articles (06/2014 - 01/2004)
6.	Zhang, Wei: 31 articles (11/2015 - 01/2004)
7.	Braun, J: 28 articles (01/2016 - 04/2000)
8.	Vandenabeele, Peter: 28 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
9.	Kim, Mihwa: 28 articles (04/2014 - 01/2007)
10.	Mazzon, Emanuela: 28 articles (10/2011 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Necrosis:

1.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) agents can cause a dramatic improvement in disease activity and functional capacity, making complete remission of RA a possible target. " 04/01/2000 - "Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) has been found to be very effective in the isolated limb perfusion setting for advanced extremity tumours. " 11/01/2007 - "Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of antagonists to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) showed high response percentages in the groups treated with active drugs. " 04/01/2011 - "In case of failure, introduction of biological drugs is necessary Despite a significant progress noted in RA therapy since introduction of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors several years ago, also that scheme failed to be effective in all cases of RA. " 01/01/2006 - "Administration of high-dose LA on the other hand led to a significant reduction in necrosis- and apoptosis-related cell death in IRI of the liver without a reduction in liver TNFalpha."
2.	infliximab (Remicade)FDA Link 03/01/2002 - "In a pilot study, the anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, infliximab, induced a rapid and significant improvement in global, peripheral, and axial disease manifestations of patients with active spondyloarthropathy. " 12/01/2012 - "Infliximab (IFX) is a monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor α that is effective for treating spondyloarthritis (SpA). " 11/01/2010 - "While infliximab is efficacious, it remains to be determined whether patients who enter clinical remission with an anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy can have their treatment stopped and retain the state of remission. " 05/01/2007 - "Infliximab (IFX), an antitumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in medical management of CUC. " 10/01/2004 - "The management of perianal fistulizing disease resistant to standard treatment has greatly improved with the introduction of the anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibody, infliximab. "
3.	InterleukinsIBA 01/01/2015 - "This study used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of intragingival application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg-LPS) on gingival tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in rats. " 09/01/2013 - "In accordance with earlier studies, we showed a significant increase in the C-fibre response and an upregulation of the gene expression of interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor 180 minutes after application of NP onto the nerve roots. " 10/01/1995 - "This study compared mortality rates, endotoxaemia, systemic tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations after continuous and intermittent hepatic ischaemia. " 03/23/1993 - "In this study, the effects of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukins 1 alpha and 6 (IL-1 alpha and IL-6) on rat gastric fundus motility were investigated in vitro. " 09/04/1986 - "Our studies indicate that pretreatment of monocytes with alpha-IFN or gamma-IFN, and also interleukin (IL)-1 or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) results in enhanced monocyte cytotoxicity. "
4.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2009 - "At 24 h, NPC treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum creatinine (IRI + NPC 1.21 + 0.18 vs. IRI 3.33 + 0.14 and IRI + cerebellum 2.95 + 0.78 mg/dl, p < 0.05) and acute tubular necrosis (IRI + NPC 46.0 + 2.4% vs. IRI 79.7 + 14.2%, p < 0.05). " 05/01/2005 - "In experiment 1, rats treated from disease induction had less glomerular fibrinoid necrosis and fewer glomerular macrophages at day 7. In experiment 2, rats treated from day 0 or day 4 showed improved renal function, as judged by serum creatinine, with a significant reduction in crescents. " 01/01/2007 - "Gly-AKI+HPTX rats showed an increased expression of renal HGF and c-met as well as an improved creatinine clearance and reduced acute tubular necrosis and apoptosis, cytokine expression, and leukocyte infiltration. " 08/01/2015 - "Administration of exosomes (i.v.) directly to mice with ischemic AKI attenuated renal injury, as assessed by plasma creatinine, tubular necrosis, and apoptosis. " 08/01/2015 - "In mice with ischemic AKI, administration of ECFCs (i.v.) at the time of reperfusion significantly attenuated increases in plasma creatinine, tubular necrosis, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, without cell persistence in the kidneys. "
5.	adalimumab (Humira)FDA Link 06/01/2004 - "The patient was treated successfully with adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody. " 06/01/2009 - "This study evaluated the impact of adalimumab, a tumour necrosis factor antagonist with demonstrated efficacy in RA, on long-term employment. " 10/01/2008 - "The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, a fully human antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) monoclonal antibody, over 16 weeks. " 06/01/2007 - "Patients with active RA despite treatment with DMARDs or prior treatment with a tumour necrosis factor antagonist participated in a multicentre, open-label clinical study of adalimumab 40 mg every other week for 12 weeks with an optional extension phase. " 02/01/2016 - "More recently adalimumab, a fully humanized antitumour necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody, was licensed for refractory moderately active UC in 2012. "
6.	CytokinesIBA 08/07/2014 - "Nonetheless, the efficacy of anti-tumour necrosis factors (TNF)-α biologics has validated the role of inflammatory cytokines notably TNF-α in the exacerbation of IBD. " 08/01/2014 - "Clearance of apoptotic cells, termed "efferocytosis", is the mechanism required to prevent secondary necrosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. " 04/01/2012 - "The underlying mechanism may be that hMSCs could secrete a number of cytokines and improve niche, which might be helpful in the treatment of femoral head necrosis." 01/01/2015 - "In this study we report that proinflammatory cytokines were induced in liver tissues of C57/BL6 mice infected with SFTSV, which may cause tissue necrosis in mice. " 09/01/2010 - "The aim of this work was to study the response of rat peritoneal macrophages (PMØ) to a Cu-Al-Ni SMA in vitro, by measuring the functional activity of mitochondria, necrosis, apoptosis, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. "
7.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 02/01/2015 - "At the onset of acute Charcot foot, serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were elevated; however, there was a significant reduction in these markers at resolution and these markers may be useful in the assessment of disease activity." 01/01/2014 - "However, to date no studies have directly compared the utility of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition to that of interleukin-6. " 06/03/2013 - "The main aim of the study was to investigate serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) in melancholic and atypical depressive patients during acute exacerbations of illness, compared to healthy subjects. " 01/01/2013 - "CRP and IL-6 have shown a promising result in early detection of severity and pancreatic necrosis whereas APACHE-II and Ranson score in predicting AP related mortality in this study. " 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to determine the salivary concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions. "
8.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 11/16/2012 - "In parallel, improvement in the biochemical and histological parameters of liver injury in Jα18(-/-) mice was associated with a significant increase in hepatic levels of GSH, which detoxified APAP metabolites to attenuate hepatic oxidative stress, liver injury and necrosis. " 07/01/2007 - "JNK inhibition in vivo (using two JNK inhibitors with different mechanisms of action) markedly reduced mortality in murine paracetamol hepatotoxicity, with a significant reduction in hepatic necrosis and apoptosis. " 06/01/2006 - "Depletion of neutrophils by in vivo treatment with anti-Gr-1 antibody (RB6-8C5) significantly protected mice against APAP-induced liver injury, as evidenced by markedly reduced serum ALT levels, centrilobular hepatic necrosis, and improved mouse survival. " 01/01/1984 - "Significant protection against necrosis was observed even with doses as high as 900 mg/kg acetaminophen. " 01/01/2014 - "Moreover, in the APAP group, the liver showed extensive hemorrhagic hepatic necrosis at all zones while in Aloe vera-treated group, the liver architecture was improved histopathology. "
9.	TNFR-Fc fusion protein (etanercept)FDA Link 10/01/2008 - "Lack of efficacy of etanercept in Sjögren syndrome correlates with failed suppression of tumour necrosis factor alpha and systemic immune activation." 09/01/2014 - "In this study, the effects of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) inhibitor (etanercept) on peripheral nerve damage and the ultrastructure of the sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle in rats exposed to HI during the neonatal period were examined. " 07/01/2009 - "Interrupting the tumour necrosis factor-alpha signalling cascade with etanercept, a therapeutic drug in clinical trials for the treatment of human GVHD, delays the onset and progression of disease. " 01/01/2016 - "We hypothesised that higher circulating inflammatory cytokine concentrations, particularly of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), would be associated with greater 5-HTT availability, and that TNF-α inhibition with etanercept (sTNFR:Fc) would in turn reduce 5-HTT availability. " 12/01/2015 - "Etanercept induced apoptosis, reducing the number of viable neutrophils without increasing necrosis (p < 0.05). "
10.	Methotrexate (Mexate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "With the introduction of very effective tumour-necrosis factor-blockers and other biologics, clinical remission is a realistic target in around half of the early patients with RA; the same appears true for the use of methotrexate with chronic low dose or initially high-dose GCs. " 06/01/2010 - "Fifteen recommendations were developed covering an area from general aspects such as remission/low disease activity as treatment aim via the preference for methotrexate monotherapy with or without GCs vis-à-vis combination of synthetic DMARDs to the use of biological agents mainly in patients for whom synthetic DMARDs and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors had failed. " 06/01/2012 - "SMART is a randomised open trial assessing two strategies of re-treatment in patients responding to 1 g infusion of RTX with methotrexate on days 1 and 15 after failure, intolerance or contraindication to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers. " 01/01/2007 - "Studies have shown that a combination of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking drugs and methotrexate produces superior outcomes over monotherapy alone; however, use is limited by cost and potential side-effects. " 01/01/2001 - "Finally, there is growing evidence from randomised trials that the combination of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy with methotrexate is effective and well tolerated. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2002 - "To assess the efficacy of a modified facial translocation technique in preventing translocated facial bone graft from necrosis, which is the most common complication of facial translocation. " 10/01/1996 - "In cases of necrosis of the organs used for reconstruction, early drainage and secondary reconstruction with free jejunal grafts yielded the best results." 04/01/2013 - "All of the patients achieved very good results; in two cases distal and marginal flap necrosis was observed which, once exiced, covered with granulation, and was successfully covered with a partial-thickness skin graft. " 12/01/2012 - "• H(2) S-treated grafts showed significantly reduced glomerular and tubular necrosis and apoptosis, diminished graft neutrophil and macrophage infiltrates and a trend towards improved inflammatory and anti-apoptotic cytokine profiles. " 05/01/2012 - ": The addition of Brava expansion before autologous fat grafting leads to significantly larger breast augmentations, with more fat graft placement, higher graft survival rates, and minimal graft necrosis or complications, demonstrating high safety and efficacy for the procedure. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2014 - "The necrosis-inducing capacity of SIM+MET may make these drugs a highly-effective treatment for apoptosis- and chemotherapy-resistant metastatic CRPC cells. " 07/01/2005 - "Best results are reported in the case of associations of thermo-necrosis with general or intraarterial chemotherapy. " 05/01/1997 - "Bone marrow necrosis persisted even after a complete remission was induced with standard chemotherapy. " 05/14/1994 - "In two randomized studies necrosis was significantly greater in patients who underwent repeated embolizations than in those receiving general or intra-arterial chemotherapy. " 01/01/1999 - "Topical anti-ischemic drug therapy resulted in a statistically significant reduction in ischemic flap necrosis for each drug (or combination) tested relative to the 44.2% mean necrosis observed in control animals. "
3.	Debridement 03/01/2012 - "Endoscopic debridement is effective in treating irradiation-related nasopharyngeal necrosis. " 07/01/2008 - "Endoscopy-guided debridement is effective in treating irradiation-related nasopharyngeal necrosis, but the prognosis of the NPC patients with severe nasopharyngeal necrosis and internal carotid artery involvement is relatively poor." 04/01/1991 - "Improved survival for infected necrosis depends on earlier recognition and prompt effective surgical debridement. " 09/01/2002 - "Laparoscopic transgastric pancreatic necrosectomy appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive approach for the debridement and internal drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis in the selected patient. " 10/01/2009 - "Two patients whose symptom of inflammatory was not obviously eased had another debridement to completely remove the necrosis, and the symptom was relieved. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 07/01/2013 - "Two weeks later, Laser-Doppler perfusion measurements, capillary density, and endothelial proliferation were significantly greater in E2F2(-/-) mice and significantly lower in EndoE2F3(∆/∆) mice than in their littermates, and EndoE2F3(∆/∆) mice also developed toe and limb necrosis. " 03/01/2013 - "Necrosis was significantly greater in laser and RWRS incisions than in scalpel incision sites on days 2 and 14 and days 2 and 7, respectively; fibroplasia was significantly greater in laser than in scalpel incision sites on day 30. " 10/01/2013 - "Through the use of ECUS, our study demonstrated that a large area of necrosis is induced around the surgical cavity from the action of the GreenLight laser. " 08/29/2011 - "During a laser tolerance study we found that cells containing nanoshells could be exposed to < 2.5 mJ each with no photo-thermally induced necrosis detected, while cell death was linearly proportional to the power over this threshold. " 01/01/2007 - "This study aimed to compare MR thermal mapping during Laser-induced Interstitial Thermal Therapy (LITT) to thermal lesions observed macroscopically, in order to estimate the 3D size of the coagulative necrosis. "
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2012 - "Good histological response (necrosis > 90%) after treatment appeared a significant predictor for a positive outcome. " 05/01/1986 - "No new case of avascular necrosis was detected after treatment, and there was clinical and radiological improvement in all four patients with pre-operative avascular necrosis." 11/01/2011 - "Ultrastructural studies revealed that A431 cells undergo necrosis after treatment with Ib. " 08/01/2003 - "On imaging studies, the lymph nodes of HL and NHL are homogeneous and variable in size, with an average diameter from 2 to 10 cm. They may enhance slightly to moderately, display necrosis before and after treatment, and display calcification post-treatment. " 03/01/2001 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible decrease of skin flap necrosis areas in rats, by applying both substances to the skin 14 and 30 days before surgery, and analyzing histopathologic skin alterations after treatment. "