Peritonitis

INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.

Also Known As:

Networked: 10341 relevant articles (566 outcomes, 936 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
3.	Septic Shock (Toxic Shock Syndrome)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Stomach Neoplasms (Stomach Cancer)

Experts

1.	Johnson, David W: 54 articles (12/2015 - 02/2003)
2.	Li, Philip Kam-Tao: 31 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Hawley, Carmel M: 30 articles (12/2015 - 05/2003)
4.	McDonald, Stephen P: 29 articles (07/2015 - 07/2004)
5.	Brown, Fiona G: 28 articles (07/2015 - 03/2006)
6.	Szeto, Cheuk-Chun: 26 articles (11/2015 - 03/2002)
7.	Bargman, Joanne M: 26 articles (01/2015 - 09/2002)
8.	Wiggins, Kathryn J: 24 articles (01/2014 - 12/2007)
9.	Chow, Kai-Ming: 23 articles (03/2015 - 03/2002)
10.	Bannister, Kym M: 22 articles (09/2013 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Peritonitis:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Although most patients can be treated successfully with antibiotics and continue PD, the poorest outcomes are noted in patients with peritonitis secondary to gram-negative organisms, which may lead to temporary or permanent technique failure. " 12/01/2009 - "Complete cure with antibiotics alone is possible in the majority of patients, and rates of adverse outcomes are comparable to those seen with peritonitis due to other organisms. " 10/01/1997 - "The use of more potent and less nephrotoxic antibiotics together with an earlier diagnosis have improved the outcome of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). " 10/01/1997 - "The use of potent and safe antibiotics has improved the resolution rate and survival of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. " 05/01/1997 - "The use of potent and safe antibiotics has improved the resolution rate and survival of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and the use of oral antibiotics will simplify the management of this condition in the near future. "
2.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1979 - "Because of this, parenteral vancomycin is useful in the treatment of staphylococcal peritonitis in CPD patients." 10/01/1987 - "Vancomycin was eliminated slowly with a mean total clearance of 7 +/- 3 mL/min/70 kg and a distribution volume of 1.2 +/- 0.3 L/kg. The resultant mean serum t1/2 over the first week was 184 hours and the mean serum concentration at 168 hours was 10 +/- 4 mcg/mL. Based on the positive clinical outcome (100% cure) among patients with uncomplicated gram-positive peritonitis, the potential use of this alternative vancomycin dosing regimen is proposed." 08/01/1983 - "In the present study, 82 percent of gram-positive peritonitis episodes were cured following the intravenous administration of vancomycin at weekly intervals. " 09/01/2013 - "We compared the efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetic (Ltx21) versus vancomycin in a murine model mimicking a device-related peritonitis. " 09/01/2013 - "Efficacy of a synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetic versus vancomycin in a Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related murine peritonitis model."
3.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2014 - "The only exception was polymicrobial peritonitis, where day-2 gentamicin levels were significantly higher in episodes that were cured (2.06 ± 0.41 vs 1.29 ± 0.71, p = 0.01). " 08/01/1990 - "The combination of nitazol with gentamicin was applied in the combined treatment of appendicular peritonitis in 80 children and its high therapeutic efficacy was stated. " 07/01/1996 - "Currently recommended doses of once-daily IP gentamicin for the treatment of peritonitis may not produce the desired therapeutic serum and dialysate concentrations over 24 hours for effective treatment of peritonitis." 01/01/2009 - "The study will develop improved dosing recommendations for intraperitoneally administered gentamicin in PD patients with peritonitis. " 12/01/2000 - "To study the influence of gentamicin-containing sponges on the healing of colonic anastomoses in a rat model of peritonitis. "
4.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2000 - "Oral ciprofloxacin after a short course of i.v. ciprofloxacin is effective in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. " 01/01/1993 - "Ciprofloxacin was effective in treating only one of ten episodes of peritonitis. " 09/01/2003 - "To estimate the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pelvic peritonitis, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted in four Japanese subjects. " 01/01/1990 - "The efficacy of ciprofloxacin as first-line antibiotic was investigated in five consecutive peritonitis episodes of five patients. " 05/01/2008 - "Ciprofloxacin in primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study."
5.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1981 - "As clindamycin is effective against anaerobes this observation supports the view that anaerobes play an important role in the infectious complications in peritonitis. " 01/01/1997 - "Use of Clindamycin for Peritonitis in PD Patients." 01/01/1990 - "With or without peritonitis, less than 5 micrograms/ml of active clindamycin was attained in blood from peritoneal installation alone. " 10/01/1983 - "Administration of clindamycin to rats with peritonitis due to haemolytic E. " 06/01/2012 - "It has been reported that the clindamycin concentrations in the dialysate may be higher in CAPD patients with peritonitis. "
6.	Netilmicin (Netromycin)FDA Link 05/01/1995 - "Peritonitis was treated with intraperitoneal administration of cefacin and/or netromycin when suspected, and 52.9% of the episodes needed hospitalization. " 06/24/1987 - "Five patients who managed their peritonitis at home had dialysate and plasma netilmicin levels estimated at two and six days. " 06/24/1987 - "We conclude that netilmicin can be used effectively in the majority of microbiologically undifferentiated episodes of CAPD peritonitis, including in the home setting." 11/01/1996 - "Since little is known about the efficacy of single daily intraperitoneal application of netilmicin in the treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis, we conducted this prospective study. " 11/01/1996 - "Hence, a single daily dosage of netilmicin can be a suitable treatment of CAPD-associated peritonitis, only if the dose is adapted according to the first serum and peritoneal levels. "
7.	Mupirocin (Bactroban)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2005 - "Our study, although retrospective, has demonstrated that the topical use of mupirocin was associated with a significant reduction in ESI and peritonitis and, unexpectedly, with findings of fewer incidences of Pseudomonas peritonitis. " 08/01/2005 - "Our study, although limited by its retrospective nature, demonstrated that topical mupirocin was associated with a significant reduction in ESI and peritonitis with unexpected findings of lower Pseudomonas peritonitis. " 09/01/2005 - "Local application of mupirocin led to a significant reduction in the incidence density per patient-month of both ESI and peritonitis compared to controls (0.15 vs 0.37 and 0.37 vs 0.67, p = 0.01 for both). " 04/01/2014 - "The rate of gram-positive peritonitis without mupirocin and the risk of gram-positive peritonitis with mupirocin were influential factors. " 09/01/2012 - "In particular, mupirocin did not reduce Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis rates. "
8.	pamidronate (APD)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2003 - "The use of the "flush before fill" option in pediatric patients receiving APD is associated with a marked improvement in the peritonitis rate of female but not male patients. " 02/01/2009 - "Furthermore, APD has been associated with improved compliance, lower intraperitoneal pressure, and lower incidences of peritonitis. " 01/01/1997 - "Reduced incidence of peritonitis by utilizing "flush before fill" in APD." 01/01/1995 - "Based on our experience, APD may extend method acceptance criteria and reduce the technique dropout rate in PD; however, connection technique may need to be improved in order to reduce the risk of peritonitis from exogenous contamination." 06/01/2014 - "Published evidence, primarily from observational studies, has been unable to demonstrate a consistent difference in residual kidney function loss rate, peritonitis rate, maintenance of euvolemia, technique survival, mortality, or health-related quality of life in individuals undergoing continuous ambulatory PD versus APD. "
9.	Cefazolin (Ancef)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2003 - "High proportions of MR-GPB PD peritonitis episodes, along with local factors, make empiric cefazolin unsuitable for many regional PD patients in Western Australia." 09/01/2003 - "Cefazolin use in methicillin-resistant staphylococcal peritonitis." 01/01/1999 - "The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Peritonitis Management has recommended intraperitoneal (i.p.) cefazolin and an aminoglycoside as empiric therapy for the treatment of peritonitis. " 01/01/1999 - "We analyzed peritonitis data from January 1, 1996 to June 30, 1997, prior to switching over to cefazolin. " 01/01/1985 - "Peritonitis was usually treated with intraperitoneal administration of cefazolin sodium, and 61% of the episodes were treated at home. "
10.	Ceftazidime (Fortum)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "We showed that the association of a glycopeptide plus ceftazidime is superior to other regimens for initial treatment of PD peritonitis. " 03/01/2006 - "The objective of this study is to determine whether a continuous maintenance dose of intraperitoneal ceftazidime in the absence of a loading dose would maintain adequate serum and dialysate concentrations to be effective in the treatment of peritonitis. " 10/01/2005 - "Ceftazidime showed good therapeutic effect in peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-14 ESBL." 08/01/2004 - "The ISPD guidelines for treatment of peritonitis recommended an empirical therapy based on the association of a first-generation cephalosporin with an aminoglycoside or ceftazidime." 08/01/2004 - "Two ceftazidime-resistant strains, Escherichia coli IFI-1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae IFI-2, were isolated from a 46-year-old man during treatment of postoperative peritonitis with ceftazidime. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) 01/01/1995 - "We conclude, therefore, that the UltraBag system is highly effective in reducing the incidence of peritonitis in CAPD patients." 01/01/1996 - "Therefore, the ET test of the dialysate is very effective for the therapy of peritonitis in CAPD." 01/01/1995 - "Recent changes in CAPD techniques, particularly the introduction of the UltraBag system, have resulted in a marked decrease in peritonitis rates in CAPD patients. " 01/01/1980 - "Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis without wearing a bag: complete freedom of patient and significant reduction of peritonitis." 01/01/2005 - "We conclude that low dose Ig treatment may be beneficial in the treatment of refractory or relapsing CAPD peritonitis possibly through restoring impaired host defense within peritoneal cavity. "
2.	Catheters 01/01/2014 - "PD catheter removal may be the best treatment for relapsing or persistent peritonitis.Evidence" 09/01/2001 - "New developments in catheter technology, improved connections, better understanding of patient selection and training programs, improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods in the management of peritonitis, and understanding of the infectious and immune processes are eagerly awaited developments." 06/01/1989 - "New developments in catheter technology, improved connections, better understanding of patient selection and training programs, improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods in the management of peritonitis, and an understanding of the infectious and immune processes are eagerly awaited." 01/01/1983 - "Improved awareness of the hazard and better catheter design may reduce the risks of peritonitis." 01/01/2012 - "Anticoagulation therapy was initiated and an improvement in peritonitis was observed without peritoneal catheter removal. "
3.	Peritoneal Dialysis 03/01/2012 - "Early prediction of the efficacy of treatment in peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the best way to reduce morbidity. " 01/01/2007 - "Intraperitoneal administration of antibiotic agents is the most effective treatment of peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. " 01/01/2012 - "Advanced nursing experience is beneficial for lowering the peritonitis rate in patients on peritoneal dialysis." 01/01/2012 - "Peritonitis is a major problem for peritoneal dialysis patients and although improved technology has decreased the incidence of peritonitis, unusual organisms are increasingly reported. " 07/01/1998 - "As experience with peritoneal dialysis (PD) has improved and peritonitis rates have decreased, more patients are surviving for long periods on PD. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2008 - "This case indicates that intraperitoneal application of CDDP with systematic chemotherapy was effective for carcinomatous peritonitis without serious side effects." 06/01/1985 - "Therefore, CTM was very useful drug when used for chemotherapy of postoperative peritonitis." 12/01/1980 - "CPZ therefore will be a very useful drug when used for chemotherapy of acute peritonitis." 09/01/1994 - "Further studies should be done to confirm the efficacy of the intraperitoneal chemotherapy for carcinomatous peritonitis." 08/01/1989 - "[Clinical efficacy of two-route chemotherapy with CDDP and STS in patients with peritonitis carcinomatosa]."
5.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 09/01/2005 - "Secondary peritonitis is associated with serious morbidity and a persistent high mortality in recent decades, this despite improvement in antibiotic, intensive care and surgical treatment. " 01/01/1990 - "Inclusion of this method into the complex of therapeutic measures has helped prolong the intensive care of peritonitis patients in the terminal phase in the majority of cases. " 07/01/2012 - "This prospective non-interventional study is aimed at evaluating the role of enterococci in the postoperative course of postoperative peritonitis (POP) and the predictive factors for isolating Enterococcus spp. All adult patients, hospitalized in intensive care, who had POP between September 2006 and February 2010 were analysed. " 07/01/1979 - "From 50 cases recorded in Dakar, the authors study the main problems raised by diagnosis (specially in non reactive peritonitis requiring iterative controls), surgical tactic and procedure, and intensive care. " 01/01/2015 - "Patients admitted to intensive care following surgery for faecal peritonitis present particular challenges in terms of clinical management and risk assessment. "