Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is particularly devastating due to its high rate of recurrence and difficulty in retention of treatments within the bladder. Current cystoscopic approaches to detect and stage the
tumor are limited by the penetrative depth of the
cystoscope light source, and intravesical
dyes that highlight
tumors for surgical resection are non-specific. To address the needs for improved specificity in
tumor detection and follow-up, we report on a novel technology relying on the engineered core of mesoporous
silica (MSN) with surface modifications that generate contrast in fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The particle surface was further functionalized to include a
bladder cancer cell specific
peptide, Cyc6, identified via phage display. This
peptide possesses nanomolar specificity for
bladder cancer cells and homology across multiple species including mouse, canine, and human. Our study takes advantage of its target expression in
bladder tumor which is not expressed in normal bladder wall. When functionalized to MSN, the Cyc6 improved binding efficiency and specificity for
bladder cancer cells in vitro. In an in vivo model, MSN instilled into bladders of
tumor-bearing mice enhanced T 1- and T 2-weighted MRI signals, improving the detection of the
tumor boundaries. These findings support the notion that our targeted nanomaterial presents new options for early detection and eventual therapeutic intervention. Ultimately, the combination of real-time and repeated MRI evaluation of the
tumors enhanced by nanoparticle contrast have the potential for translation into human clinical studies for
tumor staging, therapeutic monitoring, and
drug delivery.