β-
elemene is a novel, plant-derived anticancer drug, which has been used to target multiple solid
tumor types.
Hyperthermia is an adjuvant therapeutic modality to treat
cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the efficacy of these two treatments are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of β-
elemene combined with
hyperthermia in
lung cancer cell lines. An MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. The morphology of cells during apoptosis was determined using a transmission electron microscope. The expression levels of P21,
survivin,
caspase-9,
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-like
protein 4 (Bax)
mRNA were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. β-
elemene with
hyperthermia treatment significantly inhibited the viability and increased the apoptosis rate of A549 cells compared with β-
elemene treatment alone (P<0.01), and significantly decreased the proportion of cells in S phase compared with the control (P<0.01). Morphological observation using transmission electron microscopy indicated cross-sectional features of apoptosis:
Chromatin condensation, reduced integrity of the plasma membrane, increased cellular granularity, nuclear collapse and the formation of apoptotic bodies. β-
elemene with
hyperthermia treatment significantly promoted P21 and Bax
mRNA expression (P<0.01) and significantly decreased
caspase-9, Bcl-2 and
survivin mRNA expression (P<0.01) in A549 cells. In conclusion, β-
elemene with
hyperthermia has a significant inhibitory effect on A549 cells. This occurs through reducing S phase and inducing apoptosis, via an increase in P21 and Bax expression and a decrease in
caspase-9, Bcl-2 and
survivin expression.