Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is amplified in ∼ 15-20% of human
breast cancer and is important for
tumor etiology and therapeutic options of
breast cancer. Up-regulation of HER2 oncogene initiates cascades of events cumulating to the stimulation of transforming PI3K/AKT signaling, which also plays a dominant role in supporting cell survival and efficacy of HER2-directed
therapies. Although investigating the underlying mechanisms by which HER2 promotes cell survival, we noticed a profound reduction in the
kinase activity of a pro-apoptotic
mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) in HER2-positive (HER2+) but not in HER2-negative (HER2-)
breast cancer tissues, whereas both HER2+ and HER2-
tumors expressed a comparable level of MLK3
protein. Furthermore, the
kinase activity of MLK3 was inversely correlated with HER2+
tumor grades. Moreover, HER2-directed drugs such as
trastuzumab and
lapatinib as well as depletion of HER2 or HER3 stimulated MLK3
kinase activity in HER2+
breast cancer cell lines. In addition, the noted inhibitory effect of HER2 on MLK3
kinase activity was mediated via its phosphorylation on Ser(674) by AKT and that pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K/AKT prevented
trastuzumab- and
lapatinib-induced stimulation of MLK3 activity. Consistent with the pro-apoptotic function of MLK3, stable knockdown of MLK3 in the HER2+ cell line blunted the pro-apoptotic effects of
trastuzumab and
lapatinib. These findings suggest that HER2 activation inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of MLK3, which plays a mechanistic role in mediating anti-
tumor activities of HER2-directed
therapies. In brief, MLK3 represents a newly recognized integral component of HER2 biology in HER2+
breast tumors.