Many patients with
trigeminal neuropathies suffer severe
chronic pain which is inadequately alleviated with centrally-acting drugs. These drugs also possess severe side effects making compliance difficult. One strategy is to develop new treatments without central side effects by targeting peripheral sensory neurons, since sensory neuron excitability and
neurotransmitter release increase in
chronic pain states. Such treatments may include the highly purified
botulinum toxin type A 150 kDa (
BoNT/A) which reportedly blocks vesicular
neurotransmitter release. We set out to determine if experimental
trigeminal neuropathy induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (IoNC) in rats could alter
neurotransmitter release from somata of trigeminal sensory neurons and if it could be attenuated by
BoNT/A. Thus, we monitored the secretory activity of acutely dissociated trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons from naïve and IoNC rats by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the membrane-uptake marker (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)hexatrienyl)pyridinium dibromide (FM4-64). FM4-64 staining showed that neurons possess a pool of recycled vesicles which could be released by high KCl (75 mM) application.
BoNT/A pre-treatment of acutely dissociated TRG neurons from naïve rats significantly reduced the rate of FM4-64
dye release. Neurons isolated from TRG ipsilateral to IoNC exhibited significantly faster onset of FM4-64 release than neurons contralateral to IoNC (
sham surgery). IoNC also produced long-lasting ipsilateral
tactile allodynia, measured as large decreases of withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimulation.
Intradermal injection of
BoNT/A in the area of infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve (IoN) innervation alleviated IoNC-induced
mechanical allodynia and reduced the exaggerated FM4-64 release in TRG neurons from these rats. Our results suggest that
BoNT/A decreases
neuropathic pain behaviors by decreasing the exaggerated
neurotransmitter release from TRG sensory neurons.