Biomaterials are regularly used in various types of artificial tissues and organs, such as
oxygenators,
plasmapheresis equipment,
hemodialysers,
catheters,
prostheses,
stents, vascular grafts, miniature pumps, sensors and heart
aids. Although progress has been made regarding bioincompatibility, many materials and procedures are associated with side effects, in particular bioincompatibility-induced
inflammation,
infections and subsequent loss of function. After
cardiopulmonary bypass, coagulopathies can occur and lead to cognitive disturbances,
stroke and extended hospitalization.
Hemodialysis is associated with anaphylatoid reactions that cause whole-body
inflammation and may contribute to accelerated
arteriosclerosis.
Stents cause restenosis and, in severe cases, thrombotic reactions. This situation indicates that there is still a need to try to understand the mechanisms involved in these incompatibility reactions in order to be able to improve the
biomaterials and to develop treatments that attenuate the reactions and thereby reduce patients' discomfort, treatment time and cost. This overview deals with the role of
complement in the incompatibility reactions that occur when
biomaterials come in contact with blood and other body fluids.