Growing genetic evidence has implicated a role for
neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) in
schizophrenia pathogenesis as well as alterations in
SNAP receptor (
SNARE) proteins at both gene and
protein levels in post-mortem investigations. In relation to a potential therapeutic mechanism for atypical
antipsychotic medications,
clozapine has been shown to increase both NRG-1 levels and synaptic markers in rodents. As evidence continues to mount for a potential restoration in connectivity by
antipsychotic medications being a mode of efficacy we chose to examine the effects of the atypical
antipsychotic clozapine and the typical
antipsychotic haloperidol on NRG-1 and
SNARE protein transcripts in human brain aggregates exposed to plasma levels chronically for a period of three weeks. At the end of this exposure period we performed quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the
mRNA levels of NRG-1,
VAMP-1 and SNAP-25. Overall we found that
clozapine had the ability to upregulate NRG-1 (+3.58 fold change) and
VAMP-1 (+1.92) while SNAP-25 remained unchanged. Changes for
haloperidol exposed aggregates were below our cut-off of +1.5. Overall the results of our investigation lend further support to atypical
antipsychotic medications having the potential to increase levels of neurotrophic and synaptic markers such as NRG-1 and
VAMP-1, the former being a strong candidate susceptibility gene for
schizophrenia. In the absence of frank neuronal loss in
schizophrenia, restoration of neuronal and synaptic functions by atypical
antipsychotics in the brains of schizophrenics maybe a key mechanism of therapeutic efficacy by re-establishing normal connectivity and functioning.