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Diabetic Foot

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Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.

Also Known As:

Diabetic Feet; Feet, Diabetic; Foot, Diabetic; Foot Ulcer, Diabetic

Networked: 956 relevant articles (85 outcomes, 155 trials/studies) for this Disease, Comments

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Ulcer
2.	Infection
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Osteomyelitis
5.	Soft Tissue Infections

Experts

1.	Armstrong, David G: 31 articles (06/2009 - 04/2002)
2.	Boulton, Andrew J M: 18 articles (09/2009 - 04/2002)
3.	Lavery, Lawrence A: 14 articles (06/2008 - 04/2002)
4.	Lipsky, Benjamin A: 13 articles (01/2009 - 05/2004)
5.	Jirkovská, A: 8 articles (05/2008 - 04/2001)
6.	Brem, Harold: 7 articles (09/2009 - 01/2003)
7.	Nixon, Brent P: 7 articles (05/2005 - 04/2002)
8.	Veves, Aristidis: 6 articles (03/2010 - 03/2002)
9.	Leung, P C: 6 articles (06/2009 - 12/2001)
10.	Embil, John M: 6 articles (01/2008 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diabetic Foot:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 05/01/2008 - "The aim of this paper is to review evidence for the efficacy of new antibiotics in the management of SSSIs, including any data relating specifically to the diabetic foot, and to consider where they might fit into the therapeutic armory against DFI." 04/01/2008 - "A prospective study was carried out on patients with diabetic foot lesions to determine their clinical characteristics, the spectrum of aerobic microbial flora and to assess their comparative in vitro susceptibility to the commonly used antibiotics. " 05/01/2005 - "The effect of different antibiotics on the outcome of surgical care in the management of diabetic foot was investigated. " 05/01/2004 - "The use of antibiotics in the diabetic foot." 03/09/2002 - "Moreover, the use of antibiotics with potent selection of resistance such as rifampicine and fluoroquinolone, requires that bone biopsies be taken, which is not easy in all the diabetic foot care centres. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	platelet-derived growth factor BB (becaplermin)FDA Link 06/01/2005 - "CONCLUSION: Although the sample size was not large enough to demonstrate that the incidence of healing in the OASIS group was statistically superior (P = .055), the study results showed that treatment with OASIS is as effective as Regranex in healing full-thickness diabetic foot ulcers by 12 weeks." 10/01/2002 - "Results of this analysis suggest that becaplermin may ultimately be more cost-effective for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers than other treatment modalities, despite its higher initial dollar cost. " 01/01/2001 - "CONCLUSIONS: Becaplermin may be a cost-effective treatment for neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers in a wide range of European settings. " 01/01/2003 - "METHODS: The DFS-SF was created through the analysis of data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of the efficacy and safety of becaplermin (recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB) in the treatment of chronic, full-thickness, neuropathic, diabetic foot ulcers. " 01/01/2001 - "Clinical studies on gene therapy for diabetic foot ulcers are only available for the local application of human recombinant PDGF-BB growth factor. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Phenytoin (Dilantin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "The impact of topical phenytoin on recalcitrant neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration." 01/01/2009 - "Results: Topical phenytoin significantly improved healing of recalcitrant neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. " 10/01/1991 - "OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of topical phenytoin in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers was evaluated in a controlled inpatient study. " 03/01/2004 - "Phenytoin efficacy in treating the diabetic foot ulcer of a haemodialysis patient." 11/01/2007 - "There was a positive percentage treatment effect in favour of the phenytoin-treated group in one study investigating diabetic foot wounds and one study on chronic wounds. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	SilverIBA 01/01/2010 - "Only one comparison showed a significant reduction in healing time associated with a silver-containing hydrofibre dressing in diabetic foot ulcers. " 03/01/2008 - "This in vitro study was conducted to assess the prevalence of silver resistance genes in 112 bacterial isolates obtained from the diabetic foot ulcers of patients attending the Diabetic Foot Clinic at Tameside General Hospital, UK. " 01/01/2006 - "MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified that met with the inclusion criteria AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Despite the widespread use of dressings and topical agents containing silver for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, no randomised trials or controlled clinical trials exist that evaluate their clinical effectiveness. " 01/27/2005 - "This study investigated the clinical performance and safety of a sustained silver-releasing foam dressing, Contreet Foam, in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. " 01/27/2005 - "Sustained silver-releasing dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Piperacillin FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "CONCLUSIONS: Although both study drugs provide safe and effective empiric treatment for moderate-to-severe infected diabetic foot ulcers, piperacillin/tazobactam has the advantage of covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriologic success rate of 85.7%), the most commonly isolated gram-negative pathogen in this study." 03/01/1998 - "In this study, 29 patients were hospitalized with a diabetic foot infection and were treated with piperacillin/tazobactam. " 10/01/2005 - "We investigated the pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in the extracellular space fluid of inflamed soft tissues of six patients with diabetic foot infection using in vivo microdialysis and found similar penetration for piperacillin but not for tazobactam into inflamed and noninflamed soft tissue." 10/01/2005 - "Penetration of piperacillin and tazobactam into inflamed soft tissue of patients with diabetic foot infection." 12/01/2002 - "[Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) of diabetic foot infections with piperacillin/tazobactam]" Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	ApligrafIBA 06/01/2006 - "The efficacy of Apligraf in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." 01/01/2010 - "Confirmatory data from EU study supports Apligraf for the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers." 03/01/2009 - "This study compared the efficacy and safety of Apligraf (Organogenesis, Inc., Canton, MA) in combination with standard therapy versus standard therapy alone in the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. " 03/01/2009 - "Apligraf in the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers." 01/01/2003 - "The cost effectiveness of Apligraf treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1998 - "This indicates that orally administered ofloxacin can be an effective treatment for infected diabetic foot lesions." 10/01/2004 - "The purpose of our study was to determine the serum and tissue concentrations of levofloxacin when administered orally in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers and to compare these values with microbiological findings. " 10/01/2004 - "CONCLUSION: Our data showed good tissue penetration of levofloxacin in diabetic foot ulcers. " 10/01/2004 - "OBJECTIVES: Levofloxacin has a high bioavailability and a broad antibacterial spectrum which covers the common pathogens found in acute and chronic diabetic foot infections. " 10/01/2004 - "Tissue and serum levofloxacin concentrations in diabetic foot infection patients." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	SiliconesIBA 05/01/2000 - "Efficacy of injected liquid silicone in the diabetic foot to reduce risk factors for ulceration: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial." 05/01/2000 - "OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of injecting liquid silicone in the diabetic foot to reduce risk factors for ulceration in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. " 04/01/2010 - "These results suggest that silicone particles in combination with a growth factor might enhance fibroblast aggregation and implant stability, and could promote connective tissue ingrowth and implant encapsulation in the soft tissue of the diabetic foot." 05/01/2000 - "CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the efficacy of plantar silicone injections in reducing recognized risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration." 07/01/2002 - "The effect of silicone injections in the diabetic foot on peak plantar pressure and plantar tissue thickness: a 2-year follow-up." Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2006 - "Poor glucose control in the year before admission as a powerful predictor of amputation in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot ulceration." 01/03/2007 - "In conclusion, the anti-diabetic foot ulcer Formula 1 contains ingredients active in modifying tissue glucose homeostasis in vitro but these biological activities could not be associated with improved glycaemic control of diabetes in vivo." 01/03/2007 - "Influence of an anti-diabetic foot ulcer formula and its component herbs on tissue and systemic glucose homeostasis." 07/01/1998 - "Glucose metabolism in chronic diabetic foot ulcers measured in vivo using microdialysis." 01/01/2008 - "Exclusion criteria were severe retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, amputation of diabetic foot and increased glucose>50 mg/dl. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1993 - "Tissue penetration of clindamycin in diabetic foot infections." 01/01/1998 - "We evaluated the bacteriological and clinical efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin/clindamycin in severe diabetic foot infections and we tried to elucidate the relationship between the vascular status of the lower limbs and the outcome of these infections. " 01/01/1998 - "The combination of ciprofloxacin/clindamycin was found to provide an excellent empirical as well as definitive treatment of severe diabetic foot infections. " 01/01/1990 - "Oral clindamycin and ciprofloxacin therapy for diabetic foot infections: a retraction." 01/01/1990 - "Oral clindamycin and ciprofloxacin therapy for diabetic foot infections." Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Amputation 11/01/1998 - "The study concluded that multidisciplinary diabetes care team, which includes aggressive foot care and consistent treatment-based risk classification, may be effective in profoundly mitigating the occurrence and recurrence of diabetic foot sequelae, including ulceration and amputation. " 09/01/1998 - "This is thought to be achievable because both primary and secondary preventative healthcare strategies are effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic foot ulceration and progression to amputation. " 02/01/2007 - "The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of the implementation of the International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot (ICDF) in the area of Pistoia (Tuscany, Italy), in terms of percentage of population screened, reduction of hospitalization, and reduction of lower extremity amputations. " 10/01/2004 - "Change in the amputation profile in diabetic foot in a tertiary reference center: efficacy of team working." 07/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to present our data regarding amputation rates and profiles before and after starting the Dokuz Eylul University multidisciplinary diabetic foot care team. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Debridement 06/01/2002 - "Debridement of the diabetic foot: a podiatric perspective." 04/26/2001 - "Treatment of diabetic foot must include non-weight bearing, long-lasting antibiotic therapy, improving circulation and topical treatment-debridement." 01/01/2001 - "CONCLUSIONS: Early hospitalization, effective glycaemic control, aggressive debridements and patient education in foot care can minimize diabetic foot diseases." 12/01/2001 - "Limb salvage in extensive diabetic foot ulceration-a preliminary clinical study using simple debridement and herbal drinks." 12/01/2005 - "The case discussed here demonstrates how inadequate and disjointed management through lack of communication, education and knowledge of diabetic foot disease can lead to complications requiring amputation and debridement." Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Injections 04/01/2009 - "The data from the study suggest that this injectable human dermal matrix has unique properties that allow it to facilitate healing of complex tunneling diabetic foot ulcers. " 05/01/2005 - "A novel injectable scaffolding matrix (E-Matrix) has been developed to accelerate wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers. " 05/01/2000 - "CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the efficacy of plantar silicone injections in reducing recognized risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration." 07/01/2002 - "The effect of silicone injections in the diabetic foot on peak plantar pressure and plantar tissue thickness: a 2-year follow-up." 01/01/2010 - "These preliminary results suggest that a combination of PDGF and bFGF may be effective in stimulating proliferation and matrix production around injectable silicone resin particles to generate a fibrous tissue pad to alleviate the abnormal distribution of high pressures that contribute to diabetic foot ulcer formation." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 12/01/2004 - "In this study, the use of fresh human fibroblast allografts was found to be a safe and effective treatment for diabetic foot ulcers." 09/01/2009 - "CONCLUSION: The use of fresh human fibroblast allografts was found to be a safe and effective treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. " 09/01/2009 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of non-cryopreserved fresh human fibroblast allografts in treating diabetic foot ulcers. " 09/01/2009 - "Efficacy and safety of fresh fibroblast allografts in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers." 02/01/2009 - "Revisiting fresh fibroblast allograft as a treatment for diabetic foot ulcers." Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis) 01/01/1997 - "Orthoses, prostheses, and pressure-reduction techniques for the diabetic foot will be considered." 01/01/2001 - "Examples are presented of infected orthopaedic prostheses and the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot in which the method is considered diagnostically helpful. " 01/01/2009 - "On the basis of published literature, orthopedic infections, particularly those related to implanted prostheses and osteomyelitis (including that occurring in the setting of a complicated diabetic foot), can be detected successfully by the use of FDG-PET and, therefore, this modality has great promise for becoming the study of choice in these complex settings. " 07/01/1991 - "In other cases of chronic disease, previous fracture or trauma, prosthesis, and diabetic foot, In-WBC scintigraphy is generally accepted as an appropriate imaging technique. " 01/01/1994 - "Results at our institution on 13 patients with clinically suspected osteomyelitis of infected long bones, prostheses, and diabetic foot ulcers were compared with the surgical/bacteriological verification of the presence or absence of infection. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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