Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis (Rickettsialpox)

A group of arthropod-borne diseases caused by spotted fever bio-group members of RICKETTSIA. They are characterized by fever, headache, and petechial (spotted) rash.

Also Known As:

Rickettsialpox; African Tick-Bite Fever; Far Eastern Spotted Fever; Flinders Island Spotted Fever; Japanese Spotted Fever; North Asian Tick Typhus; Queensland Tick Typhus; Rickettsia aeschlimannii Infection; Rickettsia africae Infection; Rickettsia akari Infection; Rickettsia australis Infection; Rickettsia slovaca Infection; Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses; Spotted Fevers; TIBOLA; Tick-Borne Lymphadenopathy; African Tick Bite Fever; Fever, African Tick-Bite; Fever, Japanese Spotted; Fever, Spotted; Fevers, Japanese Spotted; Fevers, Spotted; Infection, Rickettsia aeschlimannii; Infection, Rickettsia africae; Infection, Rickettsia akari; Infection, Rickettsia australis; Infection, Rickettsia slovaca; Infections, Rickettsia aeschlimannii; Infections, Rickettsia africae; Infections, Rickettsia akari; Infections, Rickettsia australis; Infections, Rickettsia slovaca; Japanese Spotted Fevers; Lymphadenopathies, Tick-Borne; Lymphadenopathy, Tick-Borne; Rickettsia aeschlimannii Infections; Rickettsia africae Infections; Rickettsia akari Infections; Rickettsia australis Infections; Rickettsia slovaca Infections; Spotted Fever; Spotted Fever, Japanese; Tick Borne Lymphadenopathy; Tick Typhus, Queensland; Tick-Bite Fever, African; Tick-Borne Lymphadenopathies; Typhus, Queensland Tick

Networked: 572 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 43 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Vector Borne Diseases: 374
  - Tick-Borne Diseases: 496
    - Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis: 572
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: 1
  - Bacterial Infections: 24368
    - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: 918
      - Rickettsiaceae Infections: 1
        Rickettsia Infections: 350
        Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis: 572
        Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: 259
        Boutonneuse Fever: 152
        Pacific coast tick fever

Related Diseases

1.	Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus (Typhus)
2.	Scrub Typhus (Typhus, Scrub)
3.	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Sao Paulo Typhus)
4.	Infections
5.	Endemic Flea-Borne Typhus (Typhus, Endemic Flea Borne)

Experts

1.	Raoult, Didier: 21 articles (09/2017 - 03/2002)
2.	Walker, David H: 17 articles (01/2020 - 06/2003)
3.	Richards, Allen L: 14 articles (01/2018 - 04/2003)
4.	Ando, Shuji: 8 articles (01/2022 - 01/2002)
5.	Stenos, John: 8 articles (06/2021 - 09/2003)
6.	Valbuena, Gustavo: 8 articles (01/2020 - 10/2003)
7.	Dasch, Gregory A: 7 articles (11/2012 - 04/2003)
8.	Fournier, Pierre-Edouard: 7 articles (11/2009 - 03/2002)
9.	Sahni, Abha: 6 articles (09/2020 - 12/2005)
10.	Sahni, Sanjeev K: 6 articles (09/2020 - 12/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis:

1.	AntibodiesIBA 04/01/2017 - "The aims of our study was to identify Ehrlichia canis and antibodies against Rickettsia spp. belonging to the spotted fever group (SFG) in dogs sampled from Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil. " 06/01/2006 - "When IFAT were used to test 200 members of the general population for antibodies to rickettsiae of the spotted-fever group, six (3.3%) were found positive, presumably, since Dermacentor is one of the most common genera of human-biting tick in the study area, for antibodies to R. " 03/01/2006 - "The present study was intended to characterize Rickettsia spp. circulating in arthropod vectors in Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by PCR and to investigate the presence of antibodies against the spotted fever Rickettsiae group (SFRG) in dogs and horses. " 12/01/2001 - "Cross-adsorption studies demonstrated that most of the spotted fever group rickettsiae antibodies were due to R. " 08/01/2000 - "The findings of this study are the first to confirm the detection of spotted fever group rickettsial antibodies in the Philippines."
2.	AntigensIBA 09/01/1992 - "Serological studies of antigenic similarity between Japanese spotted fever rickettsiae and Weil-Felix test antigens." 01/01/2022 - "The collected blood and spleens of the wild boars underwent serological and molecular tests for SFTSV, Rickettsia japonica (Rj) [antibody to spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) were tested by using species-common antigen], and Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot). " 09/05/2017 - "Immunofluorescence assay on an acute serum sample for spotted fever group rickettsial antigens (Rickettsia conorii conorii, R. " 05/01/2013 - "In Santa Cruz do Escalvado, 94% (30 of 32) of the samples collected from Rattus rattus, 22% (5 of 23) from Nectomys squamipes, and 80% (4 of 5) from Akodon sp., reacted by indirect immunofluorescence assay with Rickettsia antigens of the spotted fever group. " 05/01/2013 - "Sera samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay using antigens from Rickettsia species of the spotted fever, ancestral, and transition groups. "
3.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2020 - "The identified 44 kDa uncharacterized protein can be certainly used as a unique marker of rickettsialpox or as a target molecule for the development of more effective treatment." 06/17/2014 - "Microarray of surface-exposed proteins of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis for serodiagnosis of Far-eastern spotted fever." 01/06/2014 - "Curiously, spotted fever group Rickettsia differ from other pathogens in possessing two actin-polymerizing proteins. " 04/01/2012 - "To identify the host factors important during cell invasion by Rickettsia parkeri, a member of the spotted fever group (SFG), we performed an RNAi screen targeting 105 proteins in Drosophila melanogaster S2R+ cells. " 09/01/2008 - "In Western-blot assays, our antibody recognized the RickA protein from all spotted fever group rickettsiae tested. "
4.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1999 - "Experimental studies have delineated a cluster of naturally rifampin-resistant spotted fever group species. " 10/16/2017 - "African Tick Bite Fever Treated Successfully With Rifampin in a Patient With Doxycycline Intolerance." 10/16/2017 - "This case report illustrates that rifampin represents an effective alternative to doxycycline for treatment of African tick bite fever in some selective situations." 10/01/1999 - "We sequenced the 4, 122- to 4,125-bp RNA polymerase beta-subunit-encoding gene (rpoB) from typhus and spotted fever group representatives and obtained partial sequences for all naturally rifampin-resistant species. " 12/01/2005 - "Apart from the mutations in the rpoB gene in naturally rifampin-resistant Rickettsia species previously reported by our team, we found that typhus group (TG) rickettsiae had a triple amino acid difference in the highly conserved region of the L22 ribosomal protein as compared to the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFG), which could explain the natural resistance of SFG rickettsia to erythromycin. "
5.	Doxycycline (Periostat)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1987 - "We carried out a randomized clinical trial with oral doxycycline in children with Israel rickettsial spotted fever. " 06/01/1987 - "Comparison of two dosage schedules of doxycycline in children with rickettsial spotted fever." 01/01/1985 - "Relapse of Israeli spotted fever treated with doxycycline." 01/01/2023 - "Immunological and molecular diagnostic techniques for doxycycline responding illnesses (DRI) agents such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, spotted fever group Rickettsia spp., typhus group Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia recurrentis and Leptospira spp. were systematically performed in all patients with undifferentiated NMF. " 05/01/2014 - "Here, we are discussing a case of acute hepatitis, its clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, which was later found to be caused by Indian tick typhus (a spotted fever group rickettsia), which was diagnosed on the basis of serology and its clinical response to doxycycline. "
6.	Ribosomal DNA (rDNA)IBA 01/01/2013 - "After using polymerase chain reaction to amplify three genes (16S rDNA, gltA, and OmpA), we discovered the presence of a Rickettsia sp. of the Spotted Fever Group. " 09/01/2005 - "A spotted fever-like rickettsia was identified in a Hemaphysalis tick by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA, ompA, and ompB genes. " 04/01/1997 - "Partial 16S rDNA and rOmpA gene sequences exhibited levels of similarity of 99.7 and 93.2%, respectively, with the sequences of the spotted fever agent Rickettsia rickettsii R. " 05/01/2020 - "Protozoan infections were tested by PCR amplifying 18S rDNA of Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon, while bacterial infections were evaluated by PCRs or real-time PCRs targeting Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia, spotted fever group rickettsiae, chlamydiae and Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii. " 12/01/2008 - "11 positive results were detected from tick samples including three 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions of Borrelia burgdorferi and eight 5' fragments of Spotted fever group rickettsiae outer member protein A gene. "
7.	Minocycline (Cyclops)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2008 - "Though the serological test showed no positive antibody titer against Rickettsia japonica, Rickettsia japonica was isoleted from blood culture, to confirm Japanese spotted fever, Japanese spotted fever is generaly a curative disease with early diagnosis and minocycline. " 01/01/1989 - "Thus, the earlier administration of Minocycline is recommended to clinically suspicious cases of Japanese spotted fever as well as Tsutsugamushi disease." 10/01/2022 - "Although a skin rash is atypical for Japanese spotted fever (JSF), we suspected JSF and started treatment with minocycline because we found a scar suggestive of an eschar. " 03/01/2016 - "Three days after admission, her condition worsened and treatment with minocycline and levofloxacin was initiated in accordance with the treatment protocol for Japanese spotted fever. " 09/01/2015 - "We report herein on two cases of Japanese spotted fever (JSF) treated with intravenous minocycline (MINO) and levofloxacin (LVFX). "
8.	Rickettsia rOmpAIBA 01/01/2016 - "Testing detected elevated antibody titers to spotted fever group rickettsia; PCR on blood yielded positive results for the rickettsial outer membrane protein A gene. " 10/01/2016 - "The spotted fever group of Rickettsia was explored by amplifying rickettsial outer membrane protein A (rompA) gene by nested PCR. " 09/01/2000 - "The rickettsial outer-membrane protein A and B genes of Rickettsia australis, the most divergent rickettsia of the spotted fever group." 12/12/2001 - "Immunization with a portion of rickettsial outer membrane protein A stimulates protective immunity against spotted fever rickettsiosis." 05/01/2003 - "Ticks were assessed for rickettsial DNA by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the spotted fever group (SFG)-specific rickettsial outer membrane protein A (rompA) gene, and positive amplicons were sequenced. "
9.	VaccinesIBA 09/08/2003 - "These observations suggest that development of a broadly protective vaccine against spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae is feasible, and the results indicate that mouse toxicity neutralization is an inappropriate method for evaluation of candidate vaccines." 04/01/1984 - "Because the killed Rickettsia vaccines have failed to provide protection against Rocky Mountain spotted fever, we approached the problem of protective immunity to Rickettsia rickettsii with a closely related, live, less pathogenic spotted fever Rickettsia. " 06/01/1975 - "On a dry-weight basis, purified rickettsiae were at least 2,000 times as effective as a commercial spotted fever vaccine in protecting guinea pigs against infection with spotted fever rickettsiae and mice against death from toxin of R. " 06/15/1907 - "Clinical Remarks ON A CASE OF CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OR SPOTTED FEVER TREATED BY LUMBAR PUNCTURE AND VACCINE INJECTIONS: WITH RECOVERY." 10/01/1988 - "Heat-labile epitopes of spotted fever group rickettsial surface proteins are important candidate antigens for development of vaccines to confer protective immunity."
10.	ProteomeIBA 01/01/2019 - "A Pathogen and a Non-pathogen Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Trigger Differential Proteome Signatures in Macrophages." 12/22/2021 - "Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Trigger Species-Specific Alterations in Macrophage Proteome Signatures with Different Impacts in Host Innate Inflammatory Responses." 04/01/2007 - "The proteome of Rickettsia felis, an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for spotted fever, was analyzed using two complementary proteomic approaches: 2-DE coupled with MALDI-TOF, and SDS-PAGE with nanoLC-MS/MS. This strategy allowed identification of 165 proteins and helped to answer some questions raised by the genome sequence of this bacterium. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2021 - "This retrospective study of patients hospitalised with scrub typhus and Queensland tick typhus (QTT) in tropical Australia, examined the time to defervescence after initiation of the patients' anti-rickettsial therapy. " 11/01/1993 - "Because Israeli spotted fever may follow a quick, unpredictable, rapidly fatal clinical course, specific antimicrobial therapy should be promptly administered whenever the diagnosis is suspected." 11/01/2022 - "This study aimed to determine the relationship between time to tetracycline therapy initiation and disease outcome in patients hospitalized with Japanese spotted fever (JSF). " 05/01/2011 - "Early empirical antibiotic therapy should be prescribed in any suspected TIBOLA, before confirmation of the diagnosis. " 01/01/2017 - "Together, these results identify host cell FGFR1 and rickettsial OmpA as another novel receptor-ligand pair contributing to the internalization of pathogenic rickettsiae into host endothelial cells and the potential application of FGFR-inhibitor drugs as adjunct therapeutics against spotted fever rickettsioses."
2.	Blood Transfusion (Blood Transfusions) 01/01/2014 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate exposure to Coxiella burnetii, spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae, and Bartonella henselae using IFA and ELISA (IgG) in serum collected from 319 volunteer blood donors identified by the Blood Transfusion Service of Namibia (NAMBTS). "
3.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 08/01/2001 - "Similar actin tails are associated with Shigella flexneri, spotted-fever Rickettsiae, the Vaccinia virus, and vesicles and microspheres in related in vitro systems. "
4.	Intraperitoneal Injections 05/01/1980 - "The rickettsialpox infection was terminated in euthymic mice with only two intraperitoneal injections of the antibiotic oxytetracycline, whereas prolonged treatment was necessary to terminate the infection in athymic mice. "
5.	Injections 06/15/1907 - "Clinical Remarks ON A CASE OF CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OR SPOTTED FEVER TREATED BY LUMBAR PUNCTURE AND VACCINE INJECTIONS: WITH RECOVERY."