Fhit protein is lost in
cancers of most, perhaps all,
cancer types; when restored, it can induce apoptosis and suppress tumorigenicity, as shown in vitro and in mouse
tumor models in vivo. Following
protein cross-linking and proteomics analyses, we characterized a
Fhit protein complex involved in triggering Fhit-mediated apoptosis. The complex includes the heat-shock
chaperonin pair, HSP60/10, which is likely involved in importing Fhit into the mitochondria, where it interacts with
ferredoxin reductase, responsible for transferring electrons from
NADPH to
cytochrome P450 via
ferredoxin, in electron transport chain
complex III. Overexpression of
Fhit protein in Fhit-deficient
cancer cells modulates the production of intracellular
reactive oxygen species, causing increased ROS, following
peroxide treatment, with subsequent increased apoptosis of
lung cancer cells under oxidative stress conditions; conversely, Fhit-negative cells escape ROS overproduction and ROS-induced apoptosis, likely carrying oxidative damage. Thus, characterization of Fhit-interacting
proteins has identified direct effectors of a Fhit-mediated apoptotic signal pathway that is lost in many
cancers. This is of translational interest considering the very recent emphasis in a number of high-profile publications, concerning the role of oxidative phosphorylation in the treatment of human
cancers, and especially cancer stem cells that rely upon oxidative phosphorylation for survival. Additionally, we have shown that cells from a Fhit-deficient
lung cancer cell line, are sensitive to killing by exposure to
atovaquone, thought to act as a selective oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor by targeting the
CoQ10 dependence of the mitochondrial
complex III, while the Fhit-expressing sister clone is resistant to this treatment.