In spite of
adjuvant chemotherapy, a significant fraction of patients with localized
breast cancer (BC) relapse after optimal treatment. We determined the occurrence of cytoplasmic MAP1LC3B/LC3B (
microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B)-positive puncta, as well as the presence of nuclear
HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) in
cancer cells within surgical BC specimens by immunohistochemistry, first in a test cohort (152 patients) and then in a validation cohort of localized BC patients who all received adjuvant
anthracycline-based
chemotherapy (1646 patients). Cytoplasmic LC3B(+) puncta inversely correlated with the intensity of SQSTM1 staining, suggesting that a high percentage cells of LC3B(+) puncta reflects increased autophagic flux. After setting optimal thresholds in the test cohort, cytoplasmic LC3B(+) puncta and nuclear
HMGB1 were scored as positive in 27.2% and 28.6% of the
tumors, respectively, in the validation cohort, while 8.7% were considered as double positive. LC3B(+) puncta or
HMGB1 expression alone did not constitute independent prognostic factors for
metastasis-free survival (MFS) in multivariate analyses. However, the combined positivity for LC3B(+) puncta and nuclear
HMGB1 constituted an independent prognostic factor significantly associated with prolonged MFS (hazard ratio: 0.49 95% confidence interval [0.26-0.89]; P = 0.02), and improved
breast cancer specific survival (hazard ratio: 0.21 95% confidence interval [0.05-0.85]; P = 0.029). Subgroup analyses revealed that within patients with poor-prognosis BC,
HMGB1(+) LC3B(+) double-positive
tumors had a better prognosis than BC that lacked one or both of these markers. Altogether, these results suggest that the combined positivity for LC3B(+) puncta and nuclear
HMGB1 is a positive predictor for longer BC survival.