Time to Peak Glucose and Peak C-Peptide During the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial and TrialNet Cohorts.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the progression of type 1 diabetes using time to peak glucose or C-peptide during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in autoantibody-positive relatives of people with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:

We examined 2-h OGTTs of participants in the Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 (DPT-1) and TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) studies. We included 706 DPT-1 participants (mean ± SD age, 13.84 ± 9.53 years; BMI Z-score, 0.33 ± 1.07; 56.1% male) and 3,720 PTP participants (age, 16.01 ± 12.33 years; BMI Z-score, 0.66 ± 1.3; 49.7% male). Log-rank testing and Cox regression analyses with adjustments (age, sex, race, BMI Z-score, HOMA-insulin resistance, and peak glucose/C-peptide levels, respectively) were performed.

RESULTS:

In each of DPT-1 and PTP, higher 5-year diabetes progression risk was seen in those with time to peak glucose >30 min and time to peak C-peptide >60 min (P < 0.001 for all groups), before and after adjustments. In models examining strength of association with diabetes development, associations were greater for time to peak C-peptide versus peak C-peptide value (DPT-1: χ2 = 25.76 vs. χ2 = 8.62; PTP: χ2 = 149.19 vs. χ2 = 79.98; all P < 0.001). Changes in the percentage of individuals with delayed glucose and/or C-peptide peaks were noted over time.

CONCLUSIONS:

In two independent at-risk populations, we show that those with delayed OGTT peak times for glucose or C-peptide are at higher risk of diabetes development within 5 years, independent of peak levels. Moreover, time to peak C-peptide appears more predictive than the peak level, suggesting its potential use as a specific biomarker for diabetes progression.

• Authors: Michael G Voss, David D Cuthbertson, Mario M Cleves, Ping Xu, Carmella Evans-Molina, Jerry P Palmer, Maria J Redondo, Andrea K Steck, Markus Lundgren, Helena Larsson, Wayne V Moore, Mark A Atkinson, Jay M Sosenko, Heba M Ismail, DPT-1 and TrialNet Study Groups
• Journal: Diabetes care (Diabetes Care) Vol. 44 Issue 10 Pg. 2329-2336 (10 2021) ISSN: 1935-5548 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 34362815 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: © 2021 by the American Diabetes Association.

Chemical References

• Blood Glucose
• C-Peptide

Topics

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Blood Glucose
• C-Peptide
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Glucose Tolerance Test
• Humans
• Male
• Young Adult