Schizophrenia is a major
psychiatric disorder that afflicts about 1% of the world's population, falling into the top 10 medical disorders causing disability. Existing therapeutic strategies have had limited success on
cognitive impairment and long-term disability and are burdened by side effects. Although new
antipsychotic medications have been launched in the past decades, there has been a general lack of significant innovation. This lack of significant progress in the
pharmacotherapy of
schizophrenia is a reflection of the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. To date, many susceptibility genes have been identified to be associated with
schizophrenia. DTNBP1 gene, which encodes
dysbindin-1, has been linked to
schizophrenia in multiple populations. Studies on genetic variations show that DTNBP1 modulate prefrontal brain functions and psychiatric phenotypes.
Dysbindin-1 is enriched in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, while postmortem brain studies of individuals with
schizophrenia show decreased levels of
dysbindin-1 mRNA and
protein in these brain regions. These studies proposed a strong connection between
dysbindin-1 function and the pathogenesis of disease.
Dysbindin-1 protein was localized at both pre- and post-synaptic sites, where it regulates
neurotransmitter release and receptors signaling. Moreover,
dysbindin-1 has also been found to be involved in neuronal development. Reduced expression levels of
dysbindin-1 mRNA and
protein appear to be common in dysfunctional brain areas of schizophrenic patients. The present review addresses our current knowledge of
dysbindin-1 with emphasis on its potential role in the
schizophrenia pathology. We propose that
dysbindin-1 and its signaling pathways may constitute potential therapeutic targets in the
therapy of
schizophrenia.