Obesity is associated with
inflammation and immune cell recruitment to adipose tissue, muscle and intima of atherosclerotic blood vessels.
Obesity and
hyperlipidemia are also associated with tissue
insulin resistance and can compromise
insulin delivery to muscle. The muscle/fat microvascular endothelium mediates
insulin delivery and facilitates monocyte transmigration, yet its contribution to the consequences of
hyperlipidemia is poorly understood. Using primary endothelial cells from human adipose tissue microvasculature (HAMEC), we investigated the effects of physiological levels of
fatty acids on endothelial
inflammation and function. Expression of
cytokines and adhesion molecules was measured by RT-qPCR. Signaling pathways were evaluated by pharmacological manipulation and immunoblotting. Surface expression of adhesion molecules was determined by immunohistochemistry. THP1 monocyte interaction with HAMEC was measured by cell adhesion and migration across transwells.
Insulin transcytosis was measured by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Palmitate, but not
palmitoleate, elevated the expression of
IL-6,
IL-8, TLR2 (
Toll-like receptor 2), and
intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). HAMEC had markedly low
fatty acid uptake and oxidation, and CD36 inhibition did not reverse the
palmitate-induced expression of adhesion molecules, suggesting that
inflammation did not arise from
palmitate uptake/metabolism. Instead, inhibition of TLR4 to NF-κB signaling blunted
palmitate-induced
ICAM-1 expression. Importantly,
palmitate-induced surface expression of
ICAM-1 promoted monocyte binding and transmigration. Conversely,
palmitate reduced
insulin transcytosis, an effect reversed by TLR4 inhibition. In summary,
palmitate activates inflammatory pathways in primary microvascular endothelial cells, impairing
insulin transport and increasing monocyte transmigration. This behavior may contribute in vivo to reduced tissue
insulin action and enhanced tissue infiltration by immune cells.