Tuberculosis remains second only to HIV/
AIDS as the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Despite
chemotherapy, the global
tuberculosis epidemic has intensified because of HIV
co-infection, the lack of an effective
vaccine and the emergence of multi-
drug-resistant bacteria. Alternative host-directed strategies could be exploited to improve treatment efficacy and outcome, contain
drug-resistant strains and reduce disease severity and mortality. The
innate inflammatory response elicited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a logical host target. Here we demonstrate that
interleukin-1 (IL-1) confers host resistance through the induction of
eicosanoids that limit excessive
type I interferon (IFN) production and foster bacterial containment. We further show that, in infected mice and patients, reduced
IL-1 responses and/or excessive type I IFN induction are linked to an
eicosanoid imbalance associated with
disease exacerbation. Host-directed
immunotherapy with clinically approved drugs that augment
prostaglandin E2 levels in these settings prevented acute mortality of Mtb-infected mice. Thus,
IL-1 and type I IFNs represent two major counter-regulatory classes of inflammatory
cytokines that control the outcome of Mtb
infection and are functionally linked via
eicosanoids. Our findings establish proof of concept for host-directed treatment strategies that manipulate the host
eicosanoid network and represent feasible alternatives to conventional
chemotherapy.