Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) have been used to treat
Alzheimer's disease (AD). The efficacy of these drugs, however, is less than satisfactory. The possibility that ChEIs may have effects unrelated to ChE activity, such as negatively modulate neuronal
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) was evaluated. Since alpha7-nAChRs on cerebral perivascular sympathetic neurons mediate cerebral parasympathetic-nitrergic vasodilation, effects of
physostigmine,
neostigmine, and
galantamine on alpha7-nAChR-mediated dilation in isolated porcine basilar arterial rings denuded of endothelium was examined using in vitro tissue bath technique. The results indicated that these ChEIs blocked vasodilation induced by
choline (0.3 mmol/L),
nicotine (0.1 mmol/L), and transmural nerve stimulation (
TNS). The ChEI inhibition of dilation induced by
TNS but not by
choline or
nicotine was prevented by
atropine (0.1 micromol/L) pretreatment. Furthermore, using confocal microscopy, significant
calcium influx induced by
choline and
nicotine in cultured porcine superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells was attenuated by ChEIs. In alpha7-nAChR-expressed Xenopus oocytes,
nicotine-induced inward currents were attenuated by
alpha-bungarotoxin and ChEIs. Moreover, ChEI inhibition of
nicotine- and
choline-induced dilation was prevented by pretreatment with
mevastatin and
lovastatin (10 micromol/L), which did not affect ChEI inhibition of
TNS-induced relaxation. These findings suggest that ChEIs inhibit the alpha7-nAChRs located on postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals of SCG origin, causing a decreased release of
nitric oxide in the neighboring nitrergic nerves and cerebral vasodilation. Inhibition of alpha7-nAChRs leading to a potential cerebral hypoperfusion may contribute to the limitation of ChEIs and question the validity of using a ChEI alone in treating AD. The efficacy of ChEIs may be improved by concurrent use of
statins.