The
glyoxal-
lysine dimer (
GOLD), which is a
glyoxal (GO)-derived
advanced glycation end product (AGE), is produced by the glycation reaction. In this study, we evaluated the effect of
GOLD on the oxidative damage and inflammatory response in SV40 MES 13 mesangial cells.
GOLD significantly increased the linkage with the V-type immunoglobulin domain of RAGE, a specific receptor of AGE. We found that
GOLD treatment increased RAGE expression and
reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mesangial cells.
GOLD remarkably regulated the
protein and
mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and glyoxalase 1 (GLO1). In addition, mitochondrial deterioration and
inflammation occurred via
GOLD-induced oxidative stress in mesangial cells.
GOLD regulated the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the release of proinflammatory
cytokines associated with the inflammatory mechanism of mesangial cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses triggered by
GOLD were suppressed through RAGE inhibition using RAGE
siRNA. These results demonstrate that the interaction of
GOLD and RAGE plays an important role in the function of mesangial cells.