Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous gut
hormone and a key regulator in maintaining
glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion. Its natural cleavage product
GLP-1 (9-36), which was formerly considered a "bio-inactive" metabolite mainly due to its low affinity for
GLP-1 receptor, possesses unique properties such as cardiovascular protection. Little is known about the effects and mechanisms of
GLP-1 (9-36) in
cerebral ischemia and
reperfusion injury. Here, we report that systemic application of
GLP-1 (9-36) in adult mice facilitated functional recovery and reduced
infarct volume,
astrogliosis, and neuronal apoptosis following
middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Interestingly, these effects were still observed in
GLP-1 receptor knockout (Glp-1rKO) mice but were partially reversed in
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor knockdown (Igf-1rKD) mice. Primary astrocytes were cultured and subjected to
oxygen-
glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and
enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay indicated that
GLP-1 (9-36) pretreatment reduces
tumor necrosis factor-α,
interleukin (IL)-1β, and
IL-6 levels. This effect was not diminished in Glp-1rKO astrocytes but was reversed in Igf-1rKO astrocytes, emphasizing that the anti-inflammatory effect of
GLP-1 (9-36) in astrocytes is independent of
GLP-1 receptor signaling and is instead mediated by
IGF-1 receptor. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that
GLP-1 (9-36) directly interacts with
IGF-1 receptor in astrocytes. Western blot data indicated that
GLP-1 (9-36) activates
IGF-1 receptor and downstream PI3K-AKT pathway in astrocytes upon OGD/R injury, which was abrogated by preincubation with
IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation inhibitor
picropodophyllin. Thus, our findings suggest that
GLP-1 (9-36) improved
stroke outcome by reducing
inflammation in astrocytes via interaction with
IGF-1 receptor.