Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the impact of HPV-driven
carcinogenesis on outcome in vulvar
squamous cell carcinoma patients (VSCC) treated with
radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Analysis of clinical, pathological, and treatment data, HPV
DNA-detection and -genotyping as well as p16INK4a immunohistochemistry were performed in 75 VSCC patients. Kaplan-Meier-method was used to estimate locoregional control (LC), Progression-free survival (PFS), and Overall Survival (OS). Univariate survival time comparisons were performed using the log-rank-test. Chi-square/Fisher exact test was used to assess correlations between HPV
DNA and p16INK4a data, pathological, clinical, and treatment characteristics. Results: 23/75 (30.67%) of all women had locoregional relapse, 7/75 (9.3%) systemic recurrence, and 35/75 (46.67%) died after a median follow-up of 26.4 months. 21.3% of the
tumors were HPV
DNA-positive, mostly (93.75%) for the high-risk (HR) HPV type 16. 25.3% showed p16INK4a-overexpression. 17.3% showed concomitant HPV
DNA- and p16INK4a-positivity (cHPPVC). Patients with p16INK4a-overexpression, irrespective of the HPV
DNA status, showed significantly better PFS (5-year-PFS 69.3 vs. 39.2%, p = 0.045), LC (5-year-LC 86.7 vs. 56.7%, p = 0.033) and a strong trend for better OS (5-year-OS 75.6 vs. 43.9%, p = 0.077). Patients with cHPPVC showed a trend for better PFS (5-year-PFS 72.7 vs. 41.3%, p = 0.082) and OS (5-year-OS 81.1 vs. 45.7%, p = 0.084) but no significant benefit for LC. Conclusions: Patients with cHPPVC, indicating an etiological relevance of HPV in the respective
tumors, showed a better, albeit not significant, prognosis. The sole detection of p16INK4a-overexpression is a prognostic factor for survival in
vulvar cancer and indicates better prognosis after
radiotherapy, independent of detection of HPV
DNA. p16INK4a should be used as
surrogate marker for HPV-driven
carcinogenesis in
vulvar cancer with caution.