The ischemic cascade is initiated in the hypoperfused region of the brain that leads to neuronal cell death. Identification of multi-target inhibitor against prominent molecular mediators of ischemic cascade might be a suitable strategy to combat cerebral
ischemic stroke. The present study is designed to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of
chlorogenic acid (CGA) in the global cerebral ischemic rat model. The effective dose of CGA was evaluated on the basis of reduction in
cerebral infarction area percentage,
Evans blue extravasation, and restoration of brain water content. The expression of
tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and
caspase-3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and morphological and cellular alterations in the cortex were observed by brain histology. The level of
glutamate,
calcium, and
nitrate in different regions of the brain, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), was evaluated. The level of
calcium and
nitrate was compared with
ifenprodil-an antagonist of
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and 7-nitroindazole-an inhibitor of
neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) respectively. Further, molecular docking was performed to compare the inhibition potential of CGA against NMDAR and nNOS with their inhibitors. Dose optimization results revealed that
intranasal administration of CGA (10 mg/kg b.w.) significantly reduced the
cerebral infarction area,
Evans blue extravasation and restored the brain water content compared with
ischemia group. It also significantly reduced the
calcium, nitrate, and
glutamate levels compared with
ischemia group in the cortex, hippocampus cerebellum, and CSF. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CGA significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α, iNOS, and
caspase-3 as compared with the
ischemia group. In molecular docking study, CGA displayed similar binding interaction as that of
Ifenprodil and
7-nitroindazole with NMDAR and nNOS respectively. The current findings suggest that the treatment with CGA confers neuroprotection in global ischemic insult by inhibiting and downregulating the different molecular markers of
cerebral ischemia.