Reduced radiosensitivity of
lung cancer cells represents a pivotal obstacle in clinical oncology. The
hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α plays a crucial role in radiosensitivity, but the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. A relationship has been suggested to exist between
hypoxia and autophagy recently. In the current study, we studied the effect of
hypoxia-induced autophagy on radioresistance in
lung cancer cell lines. A549 and H1299 cells were cultured under normoxia or
hypoxia, followed by irradiation at dosage ranging from 0 to 8 Gy. Clonogenic assay was performed to calculate surviving fraction. EGFP-LC3 plasmid was stably transfected into cells to monitor autophagic processes. Western blotting was used to evaluate the
protein expression levels of HIF-1α, c-Jun, phosphorylated c-Jun,
Beclin 1, LC3 and p62. The
mRNA levels of
Beclin 1 were detected by qRT-PCR. We found that under
hypoxia, both A549 and H1299 cells were radio-resistant compared with normoxia.
Hypoxia-induced elevated HIF-1α
protein expression preferentially triggered autophagy, accompanied by LC3 induction, EGFP-LC3 puncta and p62 degradation. In the meantime, HIF-1α increased downstream c-Jun phosphorylation, which in turn upregulated
Beclin 1 mRNA and
protein expression. The upregulation of
Beclin 1 expression, instead of HIF-1α, could be blocked by
SP600125 (a specific inhibitor of c-
Jun NH2-terminal kinase), followed by suppression of autophagy. Under
hypoxia, combined treatment of irradiation and
chloroquine (a potent autophagy inhibitor) significantly decreased the survival potential of
lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion,
hypoxia-induced autophagy through evaluating
Beclin1 expression may be considered as a target to reverse the radioresistance in
cancer cells.