High
glucose-induced Akt acts as a signaling hub for mesangial cell
hypertrophy and matrix expansion, which are recognized as cardinal signatures for the development of
diabetic nephropathy. How mesangial cells sustain the activated state of Akt is not clearly understood. Here we show Akt-dependent phosphorylation of the
transcription factor FoxO1 by high
glucose. Phosphorylation-deficient, constitutively active FoxO1 inhibited the high
glucose-induced phosphorylation of Akt to suppress the phosphorylation/inactivation of PRAS40 and
mTORC1 activity. In contrast, dominant negative FoxO1 increased the phosphorylation of Akt, resulting in increased
mTORC1 activity similar to high
glucose treatment. Notably, FoxO1 regulates high
glucose-induced
protein synthesis,
hypertrophy, and expression of
fibronectin and
PAI-1. High
glucose paves the way for complications of
diabetic nephropathy through the production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS). We considered whether the FoxO1 target
antioxidant enzyme catalase contributes to sustained activation of Akt. High
glucose-inactivated FoxO1 decreases the expression of
catalase to increase the production of ROS. Moreover, we show that
catalase blocks high
glucose-stimulated Akt phosphorylation to attenuate the inactivation of FoxO1 and PRAS40, resulting in the inhibition of
mTORC1 and mesangial cell
hypertrophy and
fibronectin and
PAI-1 expression. Finally, using kidney cortices from type 1 diabetic OVE26 mice, we show that increased FoxO1 phosphorylation is associated with decreased
catalase expression and increased
fibronectin and
PAI-1 expression. Together, our results provide the first evidence for the presence of a positive feedback loop for the sustained activation of Akt involving inactivated FoxO1 and a decrease in
catalase expression, leading to increased ROS and mesangial cell
hypertrophy and matrix
protein expression.