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Phase I trial of hydroxychloroquine with dose-intense temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors and melanoma.

Abstract
Blocking autophagy with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) augments cell death associated with alkylating chemotherapy in preclinical models. This phase I study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, preliminary activity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HCQ in combination with dose-intense temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Forty patients (73% metastatic melanoma) were treated with oral HCQ 200 to 1200 mg daily with dose-intense oral TMZ 150 mg/m (2) daily for 7/14 d. This combination was well tolerated with no recurrent dose-limiting toxicities observed. An MTD was not reached for HCQ and the recommended phase II dose was HCQ 600 mg twice daily combined with dose-intense TMZ. Common toxicities included grade 2 fatigue (55%), anorexia (28%), nausea (48%), constipation (20%), and diarrhea (20%). Partial responses and stable disease were observed in 3/22 (14%) and 6/22 (27%) patients with metastatic melanoma. In the final dose cohort 2/6 patients with refractory BRAF wild-type melanoma had a near complete response, and prolonged stable disease, respectively. A significant accumulation in autophagic vacuoles (AV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was observed in response to combined therapy. Population pharmacokinetics (PK) modeling, individual PK simulations, and PK-pharmacodynamics (PD) analysis identified a threshold HCQ peak concentration that predicts therapy-associated AV accumulation. This study indicates that the combination of high-dose HCQ and dose-intense TMZ is safe and tolerable, and is associated with autophagy modulation in patients. Prolonged stable disease and responses suggest antitumor activity in melanoma patients, warranting further studies of this combination, or combinations of more potent autophagy inhibitors and chemotherapy in melanoma.
AuthorsReshma Rangwala, Robert Leone, Yunyoung C Chang, Leslie A Fecher, Lynn M Schuchter, Amy Kramer, Kay-See Tan, Daniel F Heitjan, Glenda Rodgers, Maryann Gallagher, Shengfu Piao, Andrea B Troxel, Tracey L Evans, Angela M DeMichele, Katherine L Nathanson, Peter J O'Dwyer, Jonathon Kaiser, Laura Pontiggia, Lisa E Davis, Ravi K Amaravadi
JournalAutophagy (Autophagy) Vol. 10 Issue 8 Pg. 1369-79 (Aug 2014) ISSN: 1554-8635 [Electronic] United States
PMID24991839 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Phase I, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)
Chemical References
  • Hydroxychloroquine
  • Dacarbazine
  • Temozolomide
Topics
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols (adverse effects, therapeutic use)
  • Autophagy (drug effects)
  • Dacarbazine (adverse effects, analogs & derivatives, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use)
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use)
  • Male
  • Melanoma (drug therapy, pathology)
  • Middle Aged
  • Neoplasm Staging
  • Neoplasms (drug therapy, pathology)
  • Temozolomide
  • Treatment Outcome

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