The major forms of inflammatory canine
arthritis are immune-mediated
arthritis (IMA) and
septic arthritis (SA), although some cases of cruciate disease (CD) are associated with significant levels of
synovitis. In this study, the bacteria associated with canine
arthritis were identified and
mRNA expression levels of
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-inflammatory
cytokines determined. Of the 40 synovial fluid samples analysed, bacteria were isolated from 12 samples by culture (2 CD, 10 SA) and detected in 4 samples (3 CD, 1 SA) using culture-independent methods. Statistically significant increases in TLR2, tumour
necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),
interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
IL-12 mRNA expression were seen in all disease groups compared to normal controls. All disease groups had decreased
mRNA expression of other TLRs compared to normal controls, but this did not reach statistical significance. Synovial fluid cell counts revealed that the highest number and proportion of mononuclear cells and neutrophils were found in the IMA and SA samples, respectively. Age had an effect on the TLR and
cytokine mRNA expression profiles: TNF-α (p=0.043) and
IL-12 (p=0.025)
mRNA expression was increased and TLR4
mRNA expression was reduced (p=0.033) in dogs up to 4 years of age compared to older animals. In the 10 SA samples from which bacteria were isolated, statistically significant increases in TLR2, TLR7, TNF-α and
IL-6 mRNA expression were observed. It is concluded that canine
arthritis is associated with increased
mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory
cytokines, which could in some cases be mediated by bacteria through activation of TLR2.