Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), a natural
flavonoid widely distributed in plants, reportedly has chemopreventive properties against various
cancers. However, the anticancer activity of
chrysin observed in in vivo studies has been disappointing. Here, we report that a
chrysin derivative, referred to as compound 69407, more strongly inhibited
EGF-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P(+) cells compared with
chrysin. It attenuated cell cycle progression of
EGF-stimulated cells at the G1 phase and inhibited the G1/S transition. It caused loss of
retinoblastoma phosphorylation at both Ser-795 and Ser-807/811, the preferred sites phosphorylated by Cdk4/6 and Cdk2, respectively. It also suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of A431 human
epidermoid carcinoma cells. Compound 69407 reduced
tumor growth in the A431 mouse xenograft model and
retinoblastoma phosphorylation at Ser-795 and Ser-807/811. Immunoprecipitation
kinase assay results showed that compound 69407 attenuated endogenous Cdk4 and Cdk2
kinase activities in
EGF-stimulated JB6 P(+) cells. Pulldown and in vitro
kinase assay results indicated that compound 69407 directly binds with Cdk2 and Cdk4 in an
ATP-independent manner and inhibited their
kinase activities. A binding model between compound 69407 and a crystal structure of Cdk2 predicted that compound 69407 was located inside the Cdk2 allosteric binding site. The binding was further verified by a point mutation binding assay. Overall results indicated that compound 69407 is an
ATP-noncompetitive
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with anti-
tumor effects, which acts by binding inside the Cdk2 allosteric pocket. This study provides new insights for creating a general pharmacophore model to design and develop novel
ATP-noncompetitive agents with chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic potency.