Type 2 diabetes is a chronic inflammatory
metabolic disease, the key point being
insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of
type 2 diabetes. Previously, we found that
hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) induced
insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Here, we hypothesized that HHcy induces ER stress, which in turn promotes
insulin resistance. In the present study, the direct effect of Hcy on adipose ER stress was investigated by the use of primary rat adipocytes in vitro and mice with HHcy in vivo. The mechanism and the effect of
G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) were also investigated. We found that phosphorylation or expression of variant ER stress markers was elevated in adipose tissue of HHcy mice. HHcy activated
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the downstream signal of ER stress in adipose tissue, and activated JNK participated in
insulin resistance by inhibiting Akt activation. Furthermore, JNK activated c-Jun and p65, which in turn triggered the transcription of proinflammatory
cytokines. Both in vivo and in vitro assays revealed that Hcy-promoted macrophage infiltration aggravated ER stress in adipose tissue. Chemical chaperones PBA and
TUDCA could reverse Hcy-induced
inflammation and restore
insulin-stimulated
glucose uptake and Akt activation. Activation of GPR120 reversed Hcy-induced JNK activation and prevented
inflammation but not ER stress. Therefore, HHcy inhibited
insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue by inducing ER stress, activating JNK to promote proinflammatory
cytokine production and facilitating macrophage infiltration. These findings reveal a new mechanism of HHcy in the pathogenesis of
insulin resistance.