TGF-beta1 (TGF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several
chronic infections and is thought to promote microbial persistence by interfering with macrophage function. In rats with experimental pulmonary
cryptococcosis, increased lung levels of TGF were present at 12 mo of
infection. Within the lung, expression of TGF localized to epithelioid cells and foamy macrophages in areas of
inflammation. Increased TGF expression was also observed in the lungs of experimentally infected mice and a patient with pulmonary
cryptococcosis. TGF reduced Ab and serum-mediated phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and peripheral blood monocytes, and this was associated with decreased
chemokine production and oxidative burst. Interestingly, TGF-treated rat AM limited both intracellular and extracellular growth of C. neoformans. Control of C. neoformans growth by TGF-treated rat AM was due to increased secretion of
lysozyme, a
protein with potent antifungal activity. The effects of TGF on the course of
infection were dependent on the timing of TGF administration relative to the time of
infection. TGF treatment of chronically infected rats resulted in reduced lung fungal burden, while treatment early in the course of
infection resulted in increased fungal burden. In summary, our studies suggest a dual role for TGF in persistent fungal
pneumonia whereby it contributes to the local control of
infection by enhancing macrophage antifungal efficacy through increased
lysozyme secretion, while limiting
inflammation by inhibiting macrophage/monocyte phagocytosis and reducing associated
chemokine production and oxidative burst.