Cardio-Renal Syndrome

Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).

Also Known As:

Reno-Cardiac Syndrome; Renocardiac Syndrome; Cardio Renal Syndrome; Cardio-Renal Syndromes; Cardiorenal Syndromes; Reno Cardiac Syndrome; Reno-Cardiac Syndromes; Renocardiac Syndromes; Syndrome, Cardio-Renal; Syndrome, Cardiorenal; Syndrome, Reno-Cardiac; Syndrome, Renocardiac; Syndromes, Cardio-Renal; Syndromes, Cardiorenal; Syndromes, Reno-Cardiac; Syndromes, Renocardiac; Cardiorenal Syndrome

Networked: 588 relevant articles (36 outcomes, 68 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Heart Failure
2.	Chronic Renal Insufficiency
3.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
4.	Diabetes Mellitus
5.	Iron Deficiencies

Experts

1.	Ronco, Claudio: 31 articles (01/2021 - 10/2009)
2.	Krum, Henry: 12 articles (01/2021 - 06/2009)
3.	Virzì, Grazia Maria: 10 articles (01/2021 - 10/2015)
4.	Lekawanvijit, Suree: 9 articles (01/2020 - 06/2009)
5.	Kompa, Andrew R: 8 articles (01/2021 - 11/2012)
6.	Vescovo, Giorgio: 8 articles (01/2021 - 01/2011)
7.	Kazory, Amir: 8 articles (03/2020 - 01/2012)
8.	Kelly, Darren J: 7 articles (01/2021 - 11/2012)
9.	Tang, W H Wilson: 7 articles (01/2021 - 01/2016)
10.	Wang, Bing H: 7 articles (01/2021 - 11/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cardio-Renal Syndrome:

1.	DiureticsIBA 04/01/2012 - "For many years, diuretics and ultrafiltration, have been the mainstay of treatment for cardiorenal syndrome, although a significant proportion of patients develop resistance to diuretics, and even deteriorate while on diuretics. " 01/01/2008 - "For many years, diuretics have been the mainstay of treatment for cardiorenal syndrome, although a significant proportion of patients develop resistance to diuretics and even deteriorate while on diuretics. " 10/19/2010 - "Ultrafiltration, a mechanical volume removal strategy, has demonstrated promise in achieving safe and effective volume removal in patients with cardiorenal syndrome and diuretic refractoriness. " 01/01/2022 - "The Effect in Renal Function and Vascular Decongestion in Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome Treated with Two Strategies of Diuretics, a Pilot Randomized Trial." 10/01/2023 - "The increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) could be one of the keys for understanding cardiorenal syndrome and guiding diuretic treatment during hospitalization. "
2.	Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 09/01/2023 - "In recent decades various studies have been done against the definition of cardiorenal syndrome, the understanding of pathophysiology, the use of new biomarkers that represent a new dimension in the diagnostic algorithm, and the difficulties in treating this syndrome." 10/18/2022 - "Furthermore, our study provides important information for the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the management of cardiorenal syndrome." 11/01/2020 - "This study examined the effects of Sac/Val on LV structure, function, and bioenergetics, and on biomarkers of kidney injury and kidney function in dogs with experimental cardiorenal syndrome. " 01/01/2020 - "To characterize and interpret recent studies of biomarkers of cardiorenal syndrome. " 01/01/2020 - "In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of circulating miRNA-21 (miR-21) as a novel biomarker for elderly patients with type 2 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS-2). "
3.	MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 5IBA 01/01/2021 - "RE: Blockade of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in cardiorenal syndrome via enhancing angiogenesis." 01/01/2021 - "Blockade of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in cardiorenal syndrome via enhancing angiogenesis." 01/01/2021 - "RE: Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 might be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome." 12/01/2020 - "Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 might be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome." 01/01/2020 - "Inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ameliorates left ventricular dysfunction by reducing hypertrophy and fibrosis in a rat model of cardiorenal syndrome."
4.	SodiumIBA 01/01/2022 - "Despite the incompletely understood multiple etiologies and underlying mechanisms, cardiorenal syndrome is characterized by decreased glomerular filtration and sodium avidity. " 01/01/2017 - "A number of topics relevant to cardiorenal syndrome such as congestion and sodium removal are also discussed." 04/01/2015 - "Considering the association of low U-II levels with adverse cardiovascular events and its role in sodium retention, we think that low U-II levels can be accepted as a potential therapeutic target in patients with hypervolemic cardio-renal syndrome." 01/01/2019 - "Customization of Peritoneal Dialysis in Cardiorenal Syndrome by Optimization of Sodium Extraction." 01/01/2020 - "Several studies have recently challenged the sodium-centric view that has been dominating the field of heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndrome. "
5.	IronIBA 08/22/2023 - "Cardiorenal syndrome and iron supplementation-more benefits than risks: a narrative review." 11/01/2021 - "Catalytic iron mediated renal stress responses during experimental cardiorenal syndrome 1 ("CRS-1")." 01/01/2011 - "If future long-term studies confirm the safety and efficacy of IV iron in the treatment of iron deficiency in CKD and CHF, this will become a new addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of the cardiorenal syndrome, and parameters of iron deficiency will become part of the routine measurements performed in both CKD and CHF whether or not the patient is anemic." 10/01/2014 - "Abnormal change in urinary NGAL, serum iron and HO-1 can be used as early warning indicators of acute kidney injury when cardio-renal syndrome occurrs among patients under heart valve replacement surgery. " 08/22/2023 - "Intravenous iron administration has emerged as a crucial intervention for managing patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and iron deficiency, with or without the presence of anemia. "
6.	Valsartan (Vals)FDA Link 01/01/2016 - "Valsartan attenuates cardiac and renal hypertrophy in rats with experimental cardiorenal syndrome possibly through down-regulating galectin-3 signaling." 01/01/2015 - "To study the protective effects of valsartan (Val) and benazepril, (Ben) combined with atorvastatin (Ato), on cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in rats. " 04/01/2015 - "The aims to investigate the different protective effects of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in the cardio-renal functions of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) patients. " 01/01/2015 - "Protective effects of valsartan and benazepril combined with atorvastatin on cardiorenal syndrome in rats." 04/01/2015 - "Comparison of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in protecting patients with early cardio-renal syndrome (CRS)."
7.	Atorvastatin (Lipitor)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "To study the protective effects of valsartan (Val) and benazepril, (Ben) combined with atorvastatin (Ato), on cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in rats. " 04/01/2015 - "The aims to investigate the different protective effects of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in the cardio-renal functions of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) patients. " 01/01/2015 - "Protective effects of valsartan and benazepril combined with atorvastatin on cardiorenal syndrome in rats." 04/01/2015 - "Comparison of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in protecting patients with early cardio-renal syndrome (CRS)."
8.	benazepril (Briem)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "To study the protective effects of valsartan (Val) and benazepril, (Ben) combined with atorvastatin (Ato), on cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in rats. " 04/01/2015 - "The aims to investigate the different protective effects of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in the cardio-renal functions of cardio-renal syndrome (CRS) patients. " 01/01/2015 - "Protective effects of valsartan and benazepril combined with atorvastatin on cardiorenal syndrome in rats." 04/01/2015 - "Comparison of valsartan and benazepril when combined with atorvastatin in protecting patients with early cardio-renal syndrome (CRS)."
9.	CytokinesIBA 12/01/2018 - "Data on the stem cells paracrine effects on apoptosis and cytokine milieu in an experimental model of cardiorenal syndrome type II." 10/01/2015 - "Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS1) pathophysiology is complex, and immune-mediated damage, including alterations in the immune response with monocyte apoptosis and cytokine release, has been reported as a potential mechanism. " 03/01/2013 - "Recent clinical and experimental evidence have identified the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and inflammatory cytokines as likely mediators that can lead to poor clinical outcomes via the cardiorenal syndrome. " 01/01/2012 - "Given the circulating nature of many inflammatory mediators (cytokines, immune cells), it is tempting to speculate that the immune system can act as a mediator of organ cross-talk and may be involved in the reciprocal dysfunction that is encountered commonly in cardio-renal syndromes." 06/01/2006 - "This includes hemodynamics, the role of myocardial injury, neurohormonal and cytokine abnormalities and the cardiorenal syndromes. "
10.	Simendan (Levosimendan)IBA 12/01/2021 - "Levosimendan, an inodilatating agent, has been shown to increase renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in uncomplicated postoperative patients and in patients with the cardiorenal syndrome. " 09/13/2021 - "In conclusion, levosimendan is a safe alternative for protecting renal function on cardiorenal syndrome in patients with advanced HF." 03/01/2017 - "Pharmacological approaches to cardio-renal syndrome: a role for the inodilator levosimendan." 12/01/2016 - "The worsening renal failure in a chronic cardio-renal syndrome type II: efficacy of a single levosimendan infusion." 12/01/2016 - "The worsening renal failure in a chronic cardio-renal syndrome type II: efficacy of a single levosimendan infusion."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 06/01/2017 - "Characterization of an Animal Model to Study Risk Factors and New Therapies for the Cardiorenal Syndrome, a Major Health Issue in Our Aging Population." 10/01/2013 - "Future studies are warranted to shed light on less well characterized aspects of ultrafiltration therapy and to further define its role in ADHF and cardiorenal syndrome. " 10/01/2013 - "The results of more recent trials on cardiorenal syndrome that present a counterpoint to previous observations and highlight certain limitations of ultrafiltration therapy are then discussed, followed by identification of major challenges and unanswered questions that could potentially hinder its more widespread use. " 11/01/2023 - "Cardiorenal programs may improve cardiorenal syndrome management by optimizing therapies, treating comorbidities and reducing hospitalizations." 10/01/2022 - "The epidemiology, definition, classification, pathophysiology, therapy, and outcome of each form of cardiorenal syndrome are all examined in this review."
2.	Renal Replacement Therapy (Therapies, Renal Replacement) 12/01/2023 - "Kidney outcome after LVAD in severe cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) patients requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is unclear. " 07/01/2022 - "Kidney Replacement Therapy in Cardiorenal Syndromes." 02/01/2017 - "Initiation and Cessation Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients with Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Observational Study." 01/01/2013 - "[Acute cardiorenal syndrome: recovery of renal function after renal replacement therapy]." 02/01/2022 - "Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an effective rescue therapy for Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). "
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/06/2021 - "These results should be the basis for future studies evaluating the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome secondary to chemotherapy-induced HF in order to potentially develop new therapeutic approaches." 01/01/2010 - "We outline here a summary of the current state of the art of the clinical practice to manage patients with chronic cardiorenal syndrome using drug therapy. " 01/01/2023 - "The objective of the review led to the pursuit of adopting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) as a novel pharmacotherapy in diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). " 09/01/2013 - "Weight loss can prevent or ameliorate obesity-related cardiorenal syndrome, but long-term maintenance of a healthy weight has been difficult to achieve through lifestyle changes or pharmacotherapy. " 01/01/2013 - "Utilisation of invasive treatment in the form of elective dialysis end extracorporeal ultrafiltration as a method of complementary to pharmacotherapy was presented by the example of the patient with acute decompensated heart failure with diagnosed cardiorenal syndrome type 1. Such procedure reduced symptoms of overhydration, restored sensitivity to oral diuretics and allow to obtain a partial return of renal function, improved prognosis and quality of life of the patient."
4.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 01/01/2020 - "Thus, murine CA/CPR, a model of acute cardiorenal syndrome, causes an AKI-CKD transition likely due to prolonged renal inflammation." 11/01/2018 - "We developed a macro for the widely used image analysis program, Image J, and performed cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR, a model of acute cardiorenal syndrome) in mice. " 01/01/2017 - "Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation lead to experimental cardiorenal syndrome type 1. ZW800-1, a small near-infrared fluorophore being developed for clinical intraoperative imaging, is favorable for evaluating cardiac and renal function noninvasively." 01/01/2020 - "One day after CA/CPR, acute cardiorenal syndrome was indicated by a significant reduction of the mean GFR (649 in sham, vs. 25 μL/min/100g in CA/CPR animals), KIM-1 positive tubules, and acute tubular necrosis. "
5.	Positive-Pressure Respiration (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) 09/30/2021 - "We hypothesized that adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation that ameliorates systemic/pulmonary congestion, may improve renal function in patients with symptomatic heart failure complicated by the cardio-renal syndrome. "