Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 1,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3-methoxyxanthone Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata via NF-κB, MAPK, and HO-1 Signaling Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and BV2 Cells.

Abstract	Neuroinflammation activated by microglia affects inflammatory pain development. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of 1,6,7-trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3-methoxyxanthone (THMX) from Cudrania tricuspidata in microglia activation-mediated inflammatory pain. In RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells, THMX has been shown to reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin (PG) E2, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). THMX also decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the activation of p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Interestingly, THMX also activated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. These findings suggest that THMX is a promising biologically active compound against inflammation through preventing MAPKs and NF-ĸB and activating HO-1 signaling pathways.
Authors	Wonmin Ko, Jong-Suep Baek, Zhiming Liu, Linsha Dong, Nayeon Kim, Hwan Lee, Chi-Su Yoon, Na Young Kim, Sam Cheol Kim, Dong-Sung Lee
Journal	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (Molecules) Vol. 28 Issue 21 (Oct 27 2023) ISSN: 1420-3049 [Electronic] Switzerland
PMID	37959718 (Publication Type: Journal Article)
Chemical References	NF-kappa B Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 1,6,7-trihydroxy-2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-3-methoxyxanthone Lipopolysaccharides Anti-Inflammatory Agents Interleukin-6 Nitric Oxide Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II Cyclooxygenase 2
Topics	NF-kappa B (metabolism) Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (metabolism) Lipopolysaccharides (pharmacology) Anti-Inflammatory Agents (pharmacology, metabolism) Signal Transduction Microglia (metabolism) Interleukin-6 (metabolism) Moraceae Pain (metabolism) Nitric Oxide (metabolism) Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II (metabolism) Cyclooxygenase 2 (metabolism)

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