Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic
metabolic disease with increasing morbidity.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a major negative regulator of the
insulin signaling cascade and has attracted intensive investigation in the T2DM study. Ginseng is widely used to treat
metabolic diseases, while the effects of
ginsenoside F4 (F4) on T2DM have remained unknown. Here, we identify F4 as an inhibitor of skeletal muscle
insulin resistance. The results showed that F4 significantly improved the hyperglycemic state of db/db mice, alleviated
dyslipidemia, and promoted skeletal muscle
glucose uptake. This phenomenon was closely related to the inhibition of the PTP1B activity. On the one hand, the inhibition of PTP1B activity by F4 resulted in increased
insulin receptor (INSR) and
insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and enhanced
insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, F4 as a PTP1B inhibitor inhibited the
inositol-requiring
enzyme 1 (IRE-1)/recombinant
TNF receptor associated factor 2 (
TRAF2)/
c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway and alleviated skeletal muscle endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby reducing IRS-1
serine phosphorylation. Both finally activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and promoted
glucose transporter protein 4 translocation to the cell membrane for
glucose uptake. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate that F4 activates the
insulin signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of PTP1B while inhibiting the IRE-1/
TRAF2/JNK signaling pathway, enhancing
insulin sensitivity, and alleviating ER stress in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice. Our results indicate that F4 can be used as a PTP1B inhibitor for the treatment of T2DM.