Molecular and behavioral assessment in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to environmentally relevant levels of the antineoplastic cyclophosphamide.
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| Abstract |
Antineoplastics treat cancers and enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater and hospital effluent. Risks associated with antineoplastics are not well characterized in aquatic organisms. We conducted zebrafish embryo/larvae toxicity assays to evaluate responses to cyclophosphamide (0.01-50 µM). Zebrafish survival was affected by 5 µM cyclophosphamide and deformities were noted at > 1 µM. Oxidative respiration remained unchanged in embryos with exposure up to 200 µM. Reactive oxygen species were not increased by 50 µM cyclophosphamide exposure. More than 15 oxidative stress and immune-related transcripts were measured. Superoxide dismutase 2 and heat shock protein 70 and 90a were induced in larvae by cyclophosphamide. Immune-related transcripts were assessed due to immunosuppressive properties of cyclophosphamide, and mmp9 and myd88 levels were altered in expression. Hyperactivity of larvae was noted following 5 µM cyclophosphamide exposure. There was no change in anxiety-related endpoints (light-dark preference). Risks for larval fish exposed to cyclophosphamide in the environment may be low.
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| Authors | Emma Ivantsova, Michelle Huang, Andrew S Wengrovitz, Christopher L Souders 2nd, Christopher J Martyniuk |
| Journal | Environmental toxicology and pharmacology (Environ Toxicol Pharmacol) Vol. 90 Pg. 103809 (Feb 2022) ISSN: 1872-7077 [Electronic] Netherlands |
| PMID | 35033682 (Publication Type: Journal Article) |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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