Melanoma is a leading cause of
cancer deaths worldwide. Although
immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment for some patients, resistance towards
therapy and unwanted side effects remain a problem for numerous individuals. Broad anti-
cancer activities of
melatonin are recognized; however, additional investigations still need to be elucidated. Herein, using various human
melanoma cell models, we explore in vitro the new insights into the regulation of
melanoma by
melatonin and its metabolites which possess, on the other side, high safety profiles and
biological meaningful. In this study, using melanotic (MNT-1) and amelanotic (A375, G361, Sk-Mel-28)
melanoma cell lines, the comparative oncostatic responses, the impact on
melanin content (for melanotic MNT-1
melanoma cells) as well as the mitochondrial function controlled by
melatonin, its precursor (
serotonin), a kynuric (N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, AFMK) and indolic pathway (6-hydroxymelatonin, 6(
OH)MEL and
5-methoxytryptamine, 5-MT) metabolites were assessed. Namely, significant disturbances were observed in bioenergetics as follows: (i) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), (ii) attenuation of glycolysis, (iii) dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ) accompanied by (iv) massive generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (v) decrease of
glucose uptake. Collectively, these results together with previously published reports provide a new
biological potential and make an imperative to consider using
melatonin or its metabolites for complementary future treatments of
melanoma-affected patients; however, these associations should be additionally investigated in clinical setting.