Increasing knowledge on inflammatory mediators and bone metabolism highlights the relationship between
inflammation and
bone disease. During acute illness, inflammatory cells and
cytokines modulate bone cells activity so as to mobilize
calcium seemingly to supply the metabolic requirements for immune response. In case of long lasting, chronic inflammatory states a condition of maladaptive, smouldering
inflammation is realized and negatively affects
calcium bone balance. Aging, now nicknamed inflammaging, is regarded as a chronic inflammatory condition, characterized by increased circulating inflammatory
cytokines, that contributes to the development of
osteoporosis,
cardiovascular diseases and
chronic kidney disease. In patients with
renal insufficiency, the development of bone and
mineral disorders (so called
CKD-MBD "syndrome") is now a recognized pathogenic factor for the seemingly accelerated process of aging and for the increased risk of cardiovascular death in these patients. The adaptive changes in
mineral and bone metabolism developing in the early stages of
chronic kidney disease could represent a hypothetical model of accelerated aging,
osteoporosis and
cardiovascular disease.