Efficacy and safety of meal-time administration of short-acting exenatide for glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes (MAG1C): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

In type 2 diabetes, long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists lower fasting plasma glucose and improve glycaemic control via their insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects. In type 1 diabetes, their efficacy as an add-on treatment to insulin therapy is modest. Short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists also lower postprandial glucose excursions in type 2 diabetes by decelerating gastric emptying rate. We aimed to test the efficacy of a short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist in type 1 diabetes.

METHODS:

In the single-centre, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled MAG1C trial, patients with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injection therapy aged 18 years and older with HbA1c 59-88 mmol/mol (7·5-10·0%) and a BMI of more than 22·0 kg/m2 were randomly assigned (1:1) through a computer-generated randomisation list to preprandial subcutaneous injection of 10 μg exenatide (Byetta) or placebo three times daily for 26 weeks as an add-on treatment to usual insulin therapy. Clinically assessed insulin titration was done by study staff. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was between-group difference in HbA1c after 26 weeks. Data were analysed with a baseline-adjusted linear mixed model in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03017352, and is completed.

FINDINGS:

Between Jan 4, 2017, and Jan 16, 2019, 108 participants were randomly assigned, 54 to exenatide and 54 to placebo; 23 participants discontinued treatment (17 in the exenatide group and six in the placebo group). From a baseline-adjusted mean of 66·4 mmol/mol (95% CI 64·9-67·8 [8·2%, 8·1-8·4]), HbA1c changed by -3·2 mmol/mol (-5·0 to -1·4 [-0·3%, -0·5 to -0·1]) with exenatide and -2·1 mmol/mol (-3·7 to -0·6 [-0·2%, -0·3 to -0·1]) with placebo after 26 weeks (estimated treatment difference of -1·1 mmol/mol (-3·4 to 1·2 [-0·1%, -0·3 to 0·1]; p=0·36). Exenatide increased the number of self-reported gastrointestinal adverse events (primarily nausea [48 events among 37 patients with exenatide, nine with placebo among 9 patients]). Two serious adverse events occurred in the exenatide group, and six occurred in the placebo group (none were considered to be related to the study drug).

INTERPRETATION:

Short-acting exenatide does not seem to have a future as a standard add-on treatment to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes.

FUNDING:

AstraZeneca.

• Authors: Nicklas J Johansen, Thomas F Dejgaard, Asger Lund, Camilla Schlüntz, Christian S Frandsen, Julie L Forman, Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen, Jens J Holst, Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard, Sten Madsbad, Tina Vilsbøll, Henrik U Andersen, Filip K Knop
• Journal: The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol) Vol. 8 Issue 4 Pg. 313-324 (04 2020) ISSN: 2213-8595 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 32135138 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Blood Glucose
• Glycated Hemoglobin A
• Hypoglycemic Agents
• hemoglobin A1c protein, human
• Glucagon-Like Peptides
• Exenatide

Topics

• Adult
• Blood Glucose (drug effects)
• Body Mass Index
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (blood, drug therapy, physiopathology)
• Double-Blind Method
• Exenatide (therapeutic use)
• Female
• Glucagon-Like Peptides
• Glycated Hemoglobin (drug effects)
• Humans
• Hypoglycemic Agents (therapeutic use)
• Male
• Meals (physiology)
• Treatment Outcome