Because
proteins are the main mediators of most cellular processes they are also prime therapeutic targets. Identifying physical links among
proteins and between drugs and their
protein targets is essential in order to understand the mechanisms through which both
proteins themselves and the molecules they are targeted with act. Thus, there is a strong need for sensitive methods that enable mapping out these biomolecular interactions. Here we present a robust and sensitive approach to screen
proteome-scale collections of
proteins for binding to
proteins or small molecules using the well validated MAPPIT (Mammalian
Protein-
Protein Interaction Trap) and MASPIT (Mammalian Small Molecule-
Protein Interaction Trap) assays. Using high-density reverse transfected cell microarrays, a close to
proteome-wide collection of human ORF clones can be screened for interactors at high throughput. The versatility of the platform is demonstrated through several examples. With MAPPIT, we screened a 15k ORF library for binding partners of RNF41, an E3
ubiquitin protein ligase implicated in receptor sorting, identifying known and novel interacting
proteins. The potential related to the fact that MAPPIT operates in living human cells is illustrated in a screen where the
protein collection is scanned for interactions with the
glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in its unliganded versus
dexamethasone-induced activated state. Several
proteins were identified the interaction of which is modulated upon
ligand binding to the GR, including a number of previously reported GR interactors. Finally, the screening technology also enables detecting small molecule target
proteins, which in many drug discovery programs represents an important hurdle. We show the efficiency of MASPIT-based target profiling through screening with
tamoxifen, a first-line
breast cancer drug, and
reversine, an
investigational drug with interesting dedifferentiation and antitumor activity. In both cases, cell microarray screens yielded known and new potential drug targets highlighting the utility of the technology beyond fundamental biology.