Synucleinopathies, including
Parkinson's disease (PD), are
neurodegenerative diseases characterized by accumulation of α-
synuclein (SYN), a small neuronal
protein with
prion like properties that plays a central role in PD pathogenesis. SYN can misfold and generate toxic oligomers/aggregates, which can be cytotoxic. Environmental
arsenic (As)-containing
pesticide use correlates with increased incidence of PD. Moreover, because As exposure can lead to inhibition of autophagic flux we hypothesize that As can facilitate the accumulation of toxic SYN oligomers/aggregates and subsequent increases in markers of autophagy. We therefore examined the role of As in the oligomerization of SYN, and the consequences thereof. Chronic exposure of SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing SYN to As caused a dose-dependent oligomerization of SYN, with concomitant increases in
protein ubiquitination and expression of other stress markers (
protein glutathione binding, γ-GCS, light chain 3 (LC3)-I/II, P62, and
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1), indicative of an increased proteotoxic stress. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed an accumulation of SYN, and it's colocalization with LC3, a major autophagic
protein. Mice exposed to As (100 ppb) for 1 month, exhibited elevated SYN accumulation in the cortex and striatum, and elevations in
protein ubiquitination and LC3-I and II levels. However,
tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an
indicator of dopaminergic cell density, was upregulated in the As exposed animals. Because SYN can inhibit TH function, and As can decrease monoamine levels, As exposure possibly leads to compensatory mechanisms leading to an increase in TH expression. Our findings suggest that susceptible individuals may be at higher risk of developing
synucleinopathies and/or neurodegeneration due to environmental As exposure.