Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease)

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18758 relevant articles (1228 outcomes, 2505 trials/studies) found for this Disease

Description: A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

Also Known As:

Parkinson's Disease; Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease; Parkinsonism, Primary; Lewy Body Parkinson's Disease; Parkinson Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Idiopathic; Parkinson's Disease, Lewy Body; Idiopathic Parkinson Disease; Lewy Body Parkinson Disease; Paralysis Agitans; Primary Parkinsonism

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Nervous System Diseases: 3643

Neurodegenerative Diseases: 8307

Parkinson Disease: 18758

Central Nervous System Diseases: 1005

Movement Disorders: 1584

Parkinsonian Disorders: 4915

Parkinson Disease: 18758

Brain Diseases: 1203

Basal Ganglia Diseases: 190

Parkinsonian Disorders: 4915

Parkinson Disease: 18758

Related Diseases

1.	Dyskinesias (Dyskinesia)
2.	Tremor (Tremors)
3.	Neurodegenerative Diseases (Neurodegenerative Disease)
4.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease)
5.	Dementia (Dementias)

Experts

1.	Lang, Anthony E: 28 articles (06/2008 - 01/2002)
2.	Olanow, C Warren: 26 articles (05/2008 - 02/2002)
3.	Müller, Thomas: 25 articles (08/2008 - 05/2002)
4.	Clarke, C E: 23 articles (01/2004 - 01/2000)
5.	Parkinson Study Group: 21 articles (03/2007 - 10/2000)
6.	Hattori, Nobutaka: 19 articles (08/2008 - 11/2002)
7.	Hauser, Robert A: 19 articles (07/2008 - 09/2002)
8.	Brooks, David J: 19 articles (06/2008 - 03/2002)
9.	Lang, A E: 18 articles (11/2007 - 01/2000)
10.	Przedborski, Serge: 18 articles (01/2007 - 03/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Parkinson Disease:

1.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1997 - "In conclusion, the dual-release formulation of L-Dopa either introduced or substituted for the best treatment available showed good clinical efficacy and tolerability in all stages of the evolution of idiopathic Parkinson's disease treatment in this 14-week open-label study." 01/01/2009 - "BACKGROUND: Levodopa is the most effective treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/2009 - "Levodopa is the most effective medication for Parkinson's disease (PD). " 04/01/2007 - "Because levodopa is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, the management of this disease becomes a matter of balancing short-term symptom control with long-term functional outcomes. " 09/01/2006 - "Levodopa is extremely effective in controlling many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and will be required by most patients during the course of the disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Dopamine (Intropin)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2003 - "Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); it provides substantial benefit for most patients, extends independence, and increases survival. " 10/01/1999 - "The paradoxical hyperdopaminergia in the DAT KO mice despite a marked decrease in TH and dopamine levels suggests a parallel to Parkinson's disease implying that blockade of DAT may be beneficial in this condition." 09/01/2004 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. " 01/01/2002 - "The primary pathology of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in striatum dopamine concentration which is responsible for the altered motor functions. " 03/20/2009 - "Dopamine replacement therapy is useful for treating motor symptoms in the early phase of Parkinson's disease, but it is less effective in the long term. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/2008 - "Considerable methodological differences in the identified studies complicate a comparison and impede clear evidence as to which dopamine agonist treatment is the most cost effective in early Parkinson's disease. " 10/01/2007 - "At present, dopamine agonists play an important role in antiparkinsonian therapy since they were proved effective in the management of both advanced- and early-stage Parkinson's disease. " 04/01/1995 - "These findings suggest that combination therapy with a partial D2 agonist and a full D1 agonist or monotherapy with a dopamine agonist that has both partial D2 and full D1 agonist properties might be beneficial for treating motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease without inducing dopaminergic side effects." 12/01/2003 - "BACKGROUND: Oral dopamine agonists are effective for treating early Parkinson's disease (PD). " 12/01/2003 - "Dopamine agonists are effective in the management of both advanced and early-stage Parkinson's disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Selegiline (E250)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1994 - "The use of selegiline hydrochloride (Eldepryl) has been proposed to slow the progression of Parkinson's disease; however, current evidence suggests that it is only partially effective at best, and there is no definite proof of a neuroprotective effect. " 05/01/2003 - "Deprenyl and other propargylamines are clinically beneficial in Parkinson's disease (PD). " 01/01/1989 - "In order to evaluate in a double-blind manner the therapeutic efficacy of selegiline in the treatment of late-phase Parkinson's disease, 19 patients with end-of-dose type fluctuations were randomized for a double-blind cross-over trial receiving either selegiline 10 mg or placebo. " 01/01/1989 - "According to the present results selegiline monotherapy seems to have therapeutic efficacy in the early phase of Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/1987 - "It has recently been suggested that deprenyl might be effective in altering the course of Parkinson's disease by actually slowing its progression. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "This multicentre double-blind study compared the efficacy of low and very low dose bromocriptine in 64 elderly subjects with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. " 01/01/1988 - "For many years, bromocriptine has proven to be a useful treatment for some of the disabling motor effects seen in Parkinson's disease. " 06/01/1985 - "Bromocriptine, in low doses, is effective in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease, while bromocriptine in higher doses is needed in patients with advanced disease. " 01/01/1997 - "A 10-year nationwide multicenter prospective study on the long-term efficacy of bromocriptine for Parkinson's disease is reported. " 08/11/1986 - "These findings may, in part, explain the long-term clinical efficacy of bromocriptine in patients with Parkinson's disease." Order ALL the reference details at left...
6.	1- Methyl- 4- phenyl- 1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The present study investigates the efficacy of this compound to prevent the behavioral consequences of dopaminergic cell death in the best animal model of Parkinson's disease, the bilaterally MPTP-treated monkey. " 11/01/1991 - "In primates made DA supersensitive either with MPTP or as a result of Parkinson's disease, on the other hand, D2 but not D1 agonists are effective in reversing locomotor deficits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)" 08/01/1986 - "Several classes of drugs useful in Parkinson's disease are effective in reversing MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. " 01/01/1986 - "The concept of selective vulnerability of the basal ganglia is briefly reviewed historically, with respect to the possible implications of MPTP and also the possible protective effects of selective MOA inhibition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease." 02/28/2005 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether Acanthopanax senticosus Harms (ASH) offers protection against Parkinson's disease (PD) and its related depressive behaviors in rats administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
7.	ApomorphineIBA 09/01/2000 - "Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use." 01/01/2008 - "In three pivotal, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, subcutaneous apomorphine was effective in acutely treating "off" episodes, significantly improving Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor scores and reducing the number of "off" hours per day, with a significantly shorter time to patient-declared onset of relief than placebo. " 02/27/2009 - "The result indicated that combined treatment of neurotrophin-3 gene and neural stem cells had a functional impact on reversing the main symptoms of the Parkinson's disease that significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry and improved spatial learning ability. " 09/01/1998 - "A statistically significant reduction in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score was seen following active apomorphine during in-office evaluation visits but not following placebo nasal spray. " 09/01/1999 - "If more population data become available, the population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of apomorphine could be helpful in predicting the clinical effects of apomorphine in the several subgroups of patients with Parkinson's disease." Order ALL the reference details at left...
8.	pramipexol (pramipexole)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "In addition, pramipexole significantly improved the subitems motivation/initiative and depression in a subpopulation with increased Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale I scores at the time of inclusion. " 07/11/1997 - "In the present study, pramipexole, a D3-preferring DA agonist effective in treating Parkinson's disease, excited type II anterior CN neurons. " 07/01/2009 - "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the DRD2 TaqIA and DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphisms on the efficacy of pramipexole in treating patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). " 05/01/2006 - "Despite the absence of motor complications, the pramipexole recipients showed improvement on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor subscore. " 07/09/1997 - "Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
9.	Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)IBA 11/01/2001 - "2. The neurotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent dopaminergic (DA) trophic factor that ameliorates the behavioural and histological consequences of lesioning DA neurons in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. " 04/01/2007 - "OBJECT: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months has been previously shown to improve significantly motor functions and quality of life measures in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 01/01/2006 - "OBJECT: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months was previously shown to improve motor functions and quality of life measures significantly in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. " 04/01/2006 - "Transient striatal delivery of GDNF via encapsulated cells leads to sustained behavioral improvement in a bilateral model of Parkinson disease." 01/15/1999 - "Recent studies suggest that these GDNF gene therapy approaches are effective in rat models of Parkinson's disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
10.	Sinemet (Nakom)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1989 - "Thus, Sinemet CR seems to be beneficial and useful in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease." 01/01/1993 - "Superior clinical efficacy of Sinement CR 50/200 versus Sinemet 25/100 in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease. " 11/01/1989 - "We conclude that Sinemet CR is superior to standard Sinemet for many patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, although it does not solve the problem of fluctuating motor performance." 11/01/1989 - "The efficacy of controlled-release Sinemet was evaluated in a 52-week open trial involving 20 patients (14 men, 6 women; mean age 66 years, range 56 to 82) with idiopathic Parkinson's disease of 8 years' mean duration. " 01/01/1992 - "Clinical efficacy of Sinemet CR 50/200 versus Sinemet 25/100 in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Deep Brain Stimulation 08/04/2009 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia motor circuitry is a highly effective treatment for the debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). " 04/15/2009 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a widely used and highly effective treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). " 02/15/2009 - "Although bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) provides greater relief from the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) than unilateral STN DBS, it has been suggested that unilateral STN DBS may be a reasonable treatment option in selected patients, especially those with highly asymmetric PD. " 09/01/2006 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a highly effective treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). " 03/01/2006 - "Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can be a highly effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
2.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 08/01/1999 - "For the first 3 to 6 months postoperatively, all patients showed a mean improvement of motor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), in the best "on" (21%) and worst "off" (40%) UPDRS III motor subscale, a mean 30% improvement in the UPDRS II activities of daily living (ADL) subscore, and 60% on the UPDRS IV complications of treatment subscale. " 03/01/2006 - "In those that preferred CLE, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) mentation and motor subscores, Parkinson Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) quality-of-life activities of daily living (ADL) and bodily discomfort subscores, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores were significantly improved. " 03/01/2005 - "All of the cardinal features of Parkinson's disease as well as activities of daily living (ADL) scores significantly improved (P < 0.01). " 05/01/2004 - "Following physical rehabilitation, there was a significant improvement in UPDRS (ADL and motor sections) scores, Self-assessment Parkinson's disease Disability Scale, Ten-Meter Walk test and Zung scale for depression. " 12/01/2003 - "RESULTS: There was a significant dose-related improvement in the motor and activities of daily living Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score between baseline and week 11 for the 13.5- and 18.0-mg groups compared with placebo (placebo, 0.3 +/- 7.7; 13.5-mg group, 5.1 +/- 7.0, P =.001; 18.0-mg group, 5.3 +/- 7.0, P<.001). " Order ALL the reference details at left...
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 01/01/2008 - "Use of P188 may thus be an important adjunct to improve the clinical efficacy of neural transplantation for Parkinson's disease." 01/01/1998 - "Fetal neural transplantation has been shown to be a feasible, safe, and according to a number of recent reports, effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). " 04/01/2007 - "Regenerative therapies involving transplantation of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and ES cell derived lineage committed neural precursor cells have recently shown promising results in animal models of Parkinson disease (PD). " 04/01/2003 - "CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the transplantation of encapsulated PC12 cells could be a safe and effective treatment modality for Parkinson disease in human patients." 07/01/1999 - "These results indicate that encapsulated PC12 cell transplantation is an effective and safe strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease." Order ALL the reference details at left...
4.	Pallidotomy 10/09/1997 - "BACKGROUND: Posteroventral medial pallidotomy sometimes produces striking improvement in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but the studies to date have involved small numbers of patients and short-term follow-up. " 01/01/1998 - "OBJECTIVE: Because interruption of pallidal outflow signals by pallidotomy is believed to play an important role in the motor improvement in Parkinson's disease, the anatomical relationship of the two major pallidofugal tracts, namely the ansa lenticularis (AL) and the fasciculus lenticularis (FL) to the Leksell pallidotomy target (LPT) were studied. " 07/20/2002 - "INTRODUCTION: Although significant improvement of motor function following bilateral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been proved, the cognitive sequelae have not been clearly defined. " 12/01/2000 - "CONCLUSIONS: Electrophysiologically defined lesion of GPi for posteroventral pallidotomy, shown to be effective for treating Parkinson's disease, is located at a significantly different site from the ventriculography based theoretical target." 12/01/1999 - "Despite the findings of significantly improved motor functioning following pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the cognitive sequelae following surgery have yet to be clearly defined. " Order ALL the reference details at left...
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 10/01/1995 - "To assess the efficacy of fetal mesencephalic grafts in Parkinson's disease, it is important to know if the grafted cells survive and are functional. " 08/01/2008 - "Thus, restoration of dopaminergic activity to the striatum in concert with inhibition of the STN and SN by GABAergic grafts may be beneficial for improving clinical outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease and potential clinical application of this strategy may be enhanced by the use of differentiated hNPCs." 09/01/1990 - "Brain graft surgery: a new treatment for Parkinson's disease." 01/01/2006 - "This chapter focuses on cell replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD) and describes experimental data leading to clinical trials, as well as the methodology and efficacy of grafts of human embryonic nigral tissue in patients with PD. " 10/01/1996 - "A review of the clinical trials of fetal neural tissue transplants performed in Mexico, Sweden, England and the United States shows some improvement in motor function in patients with severe idiopathic Parkinson's disease. " Order ALL the reference details at left...

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