The diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of extracranial carotid stenosis.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Extracranial atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid bifurcation cause 10% to 20% of all cases of cerebral ischemia. Until now, there have been no comprehensive evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the management of patients with extracranial carotid stenosis in Germany and Austria.

METHODS:

The literature was systematically searched for pertinent publications (1990-2011). On the basis of 182 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 308 systematic reviews, 30 key questions were answered and evidence-based recommendations were issued.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis is more than 5% from age 65 onward. Men are affected twice as frequently as women. The most important diagnostic technique is Doppler- and color-coded duplex ultrasonography. RCTs have shown that the treatment of high-grade asymptomatic carotid stenosis with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can lower the 5-year risk of stroke from 11% to 5%. Intensive conservative treatment may lower the stroke risk still further. Moreover, RCTs have shown that CEA for symptomatic 50% to 99% carotid stenosis lowers the 5-year stroke risk by 5% to 16%. Meta-analyses of the 13 available RCTs comparing carotid artery stenting (CAS) with CEA have shown that CAS is associated with a 2% to 2.5% higher risk of periprocedural stroke or death and with a 0.5% to 1% lower risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction. If no particular surgical risk factors are present, CEA is the standard treatment for high-grade carotid stenosis. CAS may be considered as an alternative to CEA if the rate of procedure-related stroke or death can be kept below 3% or 6% for asymptomatic and symptomatic stenosis, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Further studies are needed so that better selection criteria can be developed for individually tailored treatment.

• Authors: Hans-Henning Eckstein, Andreas Kühnl, Arnd Dörfler, Ina B Kopp, Holger Lawall, Peter A Ringleb, Multidisciplinary German-Austrian guideline based on evidence and consensus
• Journal: Deutsches Arzteblatt international (Dtsch Arztebl Int) Vol. 110 Issue 27-28 Pg. 468-76 (Jul 2013) ISSN: 1866-0452 [Electronic] Germany
• PMID: 23964303 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)

Topics

• Austria (epidemiology)
• Cardiology (standards)
• Carotid Stenosis (diagnosis, mortality, therapy)
• Evidence-Based Medicine
• Germany (epidemiology)
• Humans
• Practice Guidelines as Topic
• Prevalence
• Survival Analysis
• Survival Rate
• Treatment Outcome
• Vascular Surgical Procedures (mortality)