Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a novel hormonal regulator with the potential to treat a broad variety of metabolic abnormalities, such as
type 2 diabetes,
obesity, hepatic steatosis, and
cardiovascular disease. Human recombinant wild type
FGF21 (
FGF21) has been shown to ameliorate metabolic disorders in rodents and non-human primates. However, development of
FGF21 as a drug is challenging and requires re-engineering of its amino acid sequence to improve
protein expression and formulation stability. Here we report the design and characterization of a novel
FGF21 variant,
LY2405319. To enable the development of a potential drug product with a once-daily dosing profile, in a preserved, multi-use formulation, an additional
disulfide bond was introduced in
FGF21 through Leu118Cys and Ala134Cys mutations.
FGF21 was further optimized by deleting the four N-terminal
amino acids,
His-Pro-Ile-Pro (
HPIP), which was subject to proteolytic cleavage. In addition, to eliminate an O-linked glycosylation site in yeast a Ser167Ala mutation was introduced, thus allowing large-scale, homogenous
protein production in Pichia pastoris. Altogether re-engineering of
FGF21 led to significant improvements in its biopharmaceutical properties. The impact of these changes was assessed in a panel of in vitro and in vivo assays, which confirmed that biological properties of
LY2405319 were essentially identical to
FGF21. Specifically, subcutaneous administration of
LY2405319 in ob/ob and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice over 7-14 days resulted in a 25-50% lowering of plasma
glucose coupled with
a 10-30% reduction in
body weight. Thus,
LY2405319 exhibited all the biopharmaceutical and biological properties required for initiation of a clinical program designed to test the hypothesis that administration of exogenous
FGF21 would result in effects on disease-related metabolic parameters in humans.