Nitric oxide-donating
aspirin (
NO-ASA) is a promising agent for the control of
cancer, whose mechanism of action remains unclear.
NF-kappaB is an important signaling molecule in the pathogenesis of
cancer. We studied in several human colon (HT-29, HCT-15, LoVo, HCT116 and SW-480), pancreatic (BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7)
cancer cell lines, the effect of
NO-ASA on
NF-kappaB activation, determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses of
nuclear proteins.
NO-ASA inhibited
NF-kappaB activation, as early as 30 min and with IC(50)s ranging between 0.83 and 64 microM. Such inhibition was also observed at
NO-ASA concentrations that had an insignificant or marginal effect on cell growth. The effect of
NO-ASA on
NF-kappaB binding to
DNA was significantly correlated with its effect on cell growth (P < 0.05) indicating that the growth inhibitory effect of
NO-ASA may be mediated by its effect on
NF-kappaB. Compared with control,
NO-ASA decreased
NF-kappaB activation in intestinal epithelial cells of APC(min+/-) mice by 38.4% (P < 0.01). Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the nuclear levels of the p50 and p65
NF-kappaB subunits were virtually unaffected, suggesting an inhibitory mechanism different from suppressed subunit translocation into the nucleus. Inhibition of
NF-kappaB activation by
NO-ASA may account, at least in part, for its chemopreventive efficacy.