The innate immune system protects against
infection and tissue injury through the specialized organs of the reticuloendothelial system, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. The central nervous system regulates innate immune responses via the vagus nerve, a mechanism termed the
cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway.
Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits proinflammatory
cytokine production by signaling through the
alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Previously, the functional relationship between the
cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway and the reticuloendothelial system was unknown. Here we show that
vagus nerve stimulation fails to inhibit
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in splenectomized animals during lethal
endotoxemia. Selective lesioning of the common celiac nerve abolishes TNF suppression by
vagus nerve stimulation, suggesting that the
cholinergic pathway is functionally hard wired to the spleen via this branch of the vagus nerve. Administration of
nicotine, an alpha7 agonist that mimics
vagus nerve stimulation, increases proinflammatory
cytokine production and lethality from polymicrobial
sepsis in splenectomized mice, indicating that the spleen is critical to the protective response of the
cholinergic pathway. These results reveal a specific, physiological connection between the nervous and innate immune systems that may be exploited through either electrical
vagus nerve stimulation or administration of alpha7 agonists to inhibit proinflammatory
cytokine production during
infection and tissue injury.